Engineering and Technology

Last September, I’ve write about the top 5 most popular programming languages in 2013. Now I’m going to post the 10 most popular programming and scripting languages in 2014.

This list doesn’t surprise me, Java is still on the top, partly because it can be use to create web applications, desktop programs, mobile applications, etc.

Read the whole article and share your insights about this list on the comment section.

1. Java

Java is very popular from the past many years, and now in 2014 it’s still the most popular programming language. You can use Java in creating web applications, desktop programs, and mobile applications, remember ”WORA”? Demands for experienced Java programmers are very high and pays awesome salary. And if you’re a novice programmer, you might better try to learn Java.

2. JavaScript

JavaScript is not related to Java even though it does have “Java” in its name. It is most commonly used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow client-side scripts to interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter the document content that is displayed. It is also being used in server-side programming, game development and the creation of desktop and mobile applications. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) and jQuery are 2 of the most popular JavaScript techniques and JavaScript library used today by many most visited websites.

3. PHP

With its current latest stable release (5.5.9), PHP is still one of the most popular server-side scripting languages today. Rasmus Lerdorf developed its first version in 1995. Originally known as Personal Home Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, which is a recursive backronym. PHP is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web servers.

4. Python

Designed with an emphasis on readability and compact syntax, Python is a dynamic, highly flexible language commonly used for both scripting and developing applications.

Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.

5. C++ (C plus plus)

C++ is a general purpose programming language that is free-form and compiled. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features. It provides imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features.

C++ is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient performance driven programming language it is used in systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. Various entities provide both open source and proprietary C++ compiler software, including theFSF, LLVM, Microsoft and Intel. C++ has influenced many other programming languages, for example, C#and Java.

6. C# (C sharp)

Originally developed by Microsoft for the .NET initiative, C# is a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language used to develop software components for deployment in distributed environments.

C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.Anders Hejlsberg leads the development team for C#. Its most recent version is C# 5.0, which was released on August 15, 2012.

7. Objective-C

Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.

Originally developed in the early 1980s, it was selected as the main language used by NeXT for its NeXTSTEP operating system, from which OS X and iOS are derived. Generic Objective-C programs that do not use the Cocoa or Cocoa Touch libraries, or using parts that may be ported or implemented for other systems can also be compiled for any system supported by GCC or Clang.

Objective-C source code program files usually have .m filename extensions, while Objective-C header files have .h extensions, the same as for C header files.

8. Ruby

Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Its latest version is Ruby 2.1.1, which was released on its 24^th anniversary last February 24.

According to its authors, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object-oriented, and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.

9. C

The predecessor of the other popular programming languages (C++, C#, Java, Objective-C), C programming language nowadays is still used by many developers, and C compilers are available for the majority of available computer architectures and operating systems. Dennis Ritchie initially developed C between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs.

10. Perl

Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6.

Though Perl is not officially an acronym,there are various backronyms in use, such as: Practical Extraction and Reporting Language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. The latest major stable revision of Perl 5 is 5.18, released in May 2013. Perl 6, which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000, eventually evolved into a separate language. Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another.

The Perl languages borrow features from other programming languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, and sed.They provide powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools, facilitating easy manipulation of text files. Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language, in part due to its parsing abilities.

Resources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl

http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2014/01/22/language-rankings-1-14/

http://www.wpcentral.com/c-trend-2014

http://codecondo.com/top-5-web-programming-languages-begin-learning-2014/

http://www.slideshare.net/lyndadotcom/top-10-programming-languages-to-know-in-2014

http://www.sitepoint.com/best-programming-language-learn-2014/

Oil and gas

These top Oil and Gas companies in the world controlled mostly the industry. They hold, process, transport, refine vast amount of oil and gas reserves, and we all know that those reserves plays a really big role worldwide. So it’s not very surprising the value, profits, and revenues of these companies. It’s not also surprising how much influenced they have globally.

1. Saudi Aramco (Sauid Arabian Oil Co.)

Based in Dharhan, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco is an Oil and Gas Company with estimated value at up to US$10 trillion according to Financial Times, making it the world’s most valuable company.

Saudi Aramco has the largest crude oil reserves, at more than 260 billion barrels, and largest daily oil production. It operates the world’s largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. It managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia. It also owns the world’s largest oil field, the Ghawar Field. Likewise the Shaybah Field that is one of the largest oil field in the world.

Saudi Aramco’s operations include:

· Exploration

· Production of oil and gas

· Refining

· Petrochemicals

· International shipping

· Marketing

· Distribution

2. GazProm (Open Joint Stock Company)

Based in Moscow, Russia, GazProm is the largest extractor of natural gas and one of the largest companies in the world.

The company produced 513.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas in 2011, amounting to 17% of worldwide production. Gazprom also produces 32.3 million tons of crude oil and 12.1 million tons of gas condensate. Gazprom’s activities accounted for 8% of Russia’s gross domestic product in 2011.

GazProm’s operations include:

· Geological exploration

· Production and processing of gas, gas condensate, and oil

· Transportation and storage of gas, gas condensate, and oil

· Sales of gas as vehicle fuel

· Generation and marketing of heat and electric power

Oil and gas

3. NIOC (National Iranian Oil Co.)

Based in Tehran, Iran, NIOC is a government-owned oil and natural gas corporation under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran.

NIOC is exclusively responsible for the exploration, extraction, transportation, and exportation of crude oil, as well as sales of natural gas and liquefied natural gas.

In 2007 NIOC has 948, 200 billion cubic feet of natural gas reserves and 300, 385 million barrels of oil equivalent.

NIOC’s operations include:

· Exploration and Production

· Crude Oil

· Natural Gas

· Pipelines

· Procurement

· Production Facilities

· Exportation

4. ExxonMobil (Exxon Mobil Corp.)

Based in Texas, USA, ExxonMobil a multinational oil and gas corporation which was formed by the merger of Exxon and Mobil.

ExxonMobile is the world’s third largest company by revenue. It has 72 billion of barrels of oil equivalent at the end of 2007. With 37 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of 6.3 million barrels, ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in the world.

ExxonMobil’s operations include:

· Deepwater drilling

· Energy efficiency

· Exploration

· Extended reach technology

· Hrdraulic fracturing

· Liquefied natural gas

· Vehicle technologies

5. PetroChina (PetroChina Company Limited)

Baed in Beijing, China, PetroChina is an oil and gas company and also the China’s biggest oil producer. It is listed as arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Coporation (CNPC).

PetroChina’s operations include:

· Exploration, development, production and of crude oil and natural gas

· Refining, transportation, storage of crude oil and oil products;

· Production and marketing of primary petrochemical products, derivative chemicals and other chemicals;

· Transportation of natural gas, crude oil and refined oil

· Marketing of crude oil and natural gas.

Sources:

http://www.saudiaramco.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_aramco

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom

http://www.gazprom.com/

http://www.nioc.ir