tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54287306006022847452024-03-21T17:21:53.605+08:00Engineering and TechnologyBlog site for engineering and information technology matters, news, and topics.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-3338674068561634482014-07-30T15:01:00.000+08:002014-07-30T15:01:45.916+08:00Iron Dome: The Most effective missile shield in the world<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qsHtivz08gk/U9iK9CqDGvI/AAAAAAAAAXE/8apaN8Sl0r4/s1600/irondome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qsHtivz08gk/U9iK9CqDGvI/AAAAAAAAAXE/8apaN8Sl0r4/s1600/irondome.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="title" id="yui_3_5_1_5_1406696703926_1061" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.901961); color: #3f3f3f; height: 21px; overflow: hidden; text-align: start; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><span id="yui_3_5_1_5_1406696703926_1060" style="margin-right: 10px; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">An Israeli missile is launched from the Iron Dome</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">On July 29 Gaza felt the heaviest air
and artillery assault from Israel, destroying key symbols of Hamas control,
shutting down the territory’s only power plant and leaving at least 128
Palestinians dead on the 22</span><sup style="font-family: Verdana;">nd</sup><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> day of the war. It is by far the
deadliest day of the on going fighting.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">As of the time of writing, 1, 229
Palestinians already perished, 7, 000 have been wounded and hundred thousands
were displaced, majority of them are civilians. In comparison, Israel says it has
lost 53 soldiers, 2 Israeli civilians and a Thai national.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">The number of casualties will surely
increase in the coming days as the Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
warned Israelis to be prepared for a “prolonged war”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">But despite the heavy Palestinian
losses, Deif, the commander of the Hamas military wing, said the fighting would
continue. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;">"There
is not going to be a cease-fire as long as the demands of our people are not
fulfilled," he said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">Though Israel has the better military, technology, equipment, and <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/" target="_blank">engineering capabilities</a>, Hamas is still capable of wreaking havoc on its enemy. They have
stockpiled of short and middle range rockets smuggled from their supporters,
mainly Lebanon and Iran. But one of the main reason Hamas only inflicted a
small number of Israeli fatalities is the Israel’s prominent Iron Dome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Iron
Dome</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;"> is a
mobile all-weather air defense system developed by Rafael
Advanced Defense Systems.<sup> </sup>The system is designed to intercept and
destroy short-range rockets and artillery shells fired from
distances of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to 70 kilometres (43 mi) away and
whose trajectory would take them to a populated area. Israel hopes to
increase the range of Iron Dome's interceptions, from the current maximum of 70
kilometres (43 mi) to 250 kilometres (160 mi) and make it more
versatile so that it could intercept rockets coming from two directions
simultaneously.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hYHKFaDI1Oo/U9iLIuxM7TI/AAAAAAAAAXM/FRoorWCoLho/s1600/iron-dome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hYHKFaDI1Oo/U9iLIuxM7TI/AAAAAAAAAXM/FRoorWCoLho/s1600/iron-dome.jpg" height="320" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">How the Iron Dome works</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;">Iron Dome was declared
operational and initially deployed on 27 March 2011 near Beersheba. On
7 April 2011, the system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched
from Gaza for the first time. On 10 March 2012, <i>The
Jerusalem Post</i> reported that the system shot down 90% of rockets
launched from Gaza that would have landed in populated areas. By November
2012, official statements indicated that it had intercepted 400+ rockets.<sup> </sup>On
19 November, defense reporter Mark Thompson wrote that while these
numbers were impossible to confirm, the "lack of Israeli casualties
suggests Iron Dome is the most-effective, most-tested missile shield the world
has ever seen."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">Though with some weaknesses as explained
on this <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/528991/an-explanation-of-the-evidence-of-weaknesses-in-the-iron-dome-defense-system/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">article</a>, </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yair Ramati, the director of the Homa Administration
within Israel’s defense ministry, said that Iron Dome has improved
significantly since its first use in 2011, staying “one step ahead of the
enemy.” But he said that Hamas is constantly probing the system for weaknesses.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-PH;">The nightmare scenario for
Israel would be Hamas or other foe equipped with cruise missiles that can twist
and turn in flight to evade interceptors. Or, perhaps sooner, a simultaneous
launch of so many rockets that Iron Dome can’t shoot them all down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;">But let’s just hope that both parties
will reach a cease fire sooner rather than later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sources:</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dome" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Iron Dome</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-24619695714911707112014-03-19T11:22:00.001+08:002014-03-19T11:22:41.072+08:00The development of the CNC machine <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What
are CNC machines?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines
are automated milling devices that are designed to make industrial components
without the need for direct human assistance. Using coded instructions that are
sent to an internal computer, these machines enable factories to manufacture
parts accurately and quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
history of CNC machining<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_control" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Computerised Numerical Control</a> or CNC as it
is now known, first came about after World War II as a result of the US Air
Force’s desire to produce more accurate and complex parts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The modern machine’s advent can be traced
back to the invention of the numerical controlled machine made by John T.
Parsons. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">First
concept developed for the manufacture of helicopter blades<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Alongside Frank L. Stulen, John T. Parsons
first utilised computer methods to overcome machining setbacks, especially the
accurate interpolation of the curves found in helicopter blades. In the process
of developing smoother rotors, Parsons and Stuler generated an early version of
a Numerical Control (NC) machine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Developed
with assistance of MIT<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To further develop this machine, in 1949,
Parsons turned to Gordon S. Brown’s Servomechanism Laboratory at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). At MIT, a feedback system designed
to gauge how far the controls had turned was developed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">While the US Air Force halted its funding
in 1953 due to expense, the project was resumed by Giddings and Lewis Machine
Tool Co. who reduced expense but improved quality and efficiency. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reduced
production time from 8 hours down to 15 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first CNC machine was developed when
John Runyon managed to produce punch tapes under computer control. By doing
this, he managed to reduce the normal production time of 8 hours down to 15
minutes. By 1956, the US Air Force had accepted the proposal to produce a
generalised programming language for NC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The invention of CNC machines paved the way
for automated tools that enabled efficient production for manufacturers.
Today’s CNC machines bear little difference with the original machines in terms
of concept. Both produce outputs in three dimensional directions: X and Y axes
and depth.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
types of CNC machine <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The types of CNC machine that exist today
include the following:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CNC turning lathes – <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CNC turning lathes produce parts by turning
rod materials and feeding a cutting tool into the turning material.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CNC milling machines – Using a rotating
cylindrical cutting tool, <a href="http://www.mnbprecision.com/cnc-milling.html" target="_blank">CNC Milling</a> utilises a machining process similar to both drilling and cutting.
The cutter in a milling machine has the ability to move along multiple axes and
can create a variety of shapes, slots and holes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CNC routers - CNC routers are similar to
handheld routers but the tool paths are instead controlled via computer
numerical control. CNC routers can be used for cutting various hard materials
including wood, composites, aluminium, steel, plastics and foams.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-20472163988084335182014-03-03T14:06:00.000+08:002014-05-09T13:11:45.751+08:00Top 10 most popular programming/scripting languages in 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Last September, I’ve write about the <a href="http://www.engineering-and-technology.blogspot.com/2013/09/most-popular-programming-languages.html" target="_blank">top 5 most popular programming languages in 2013.</a> Now I’m going to post the <a href="http://engineering-and-technology.blogspot.com/2014/03/top-10-most-popular-programming-language.html" target="_blank">10 most popular programming and scripting languages in 2014</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This list doesn’t surprise me, Java is still on the top, partly
because it can be use to create web applications, desktop programs, mobile
applications, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Read the whole article and share your insights about this list on the
comment section.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yKc6doe1Zy4/UxQYI8woIRI/AAAAAAAAAWA/IJBqxvDio3M/s1600/The_C_Programming_Language%252C_First_Edition_Cover_%25282%2529.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The C programming language" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yKc6doe1Zy4/UxQYI8woIRI/AAAAAAAAAWA/IJBqxvDio3M/s1600/The_C_Programming_Language%252C_First_Edition_Cover_%25282%2529.svg.png" height="400" title="The C programming language" width="283" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. <a href="http://www.java.com/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Java</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Java is very popular from the past many years, and now in 2014 it’s
still the most popular programming language. You can use Java in creating web
applications, desktop programs, and mobile applications, remember ”WORA”?
Demands for experienced Java programmers are very high and pays awesome salary.
And if you’re a novice programmer, you might better try to learn Java.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/js/DEFAULT.asp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">JavaScript</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">JavaScript is not related to Java even though it does have “Java” in
its name. It is most commonly used as part of web browsers, whose
implementations allow client-side scripts to interact with the user,
control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter
the document content that is displayed. It is also being used in
server-side programming, game development and the creation of desktop and
mobile applications. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) and jQuery are 2 of
the most popular JavaScript techniques and JavaScript library used today by
many most visited websites.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. <a href="http://www.php.net/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PHP</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With its current latest stable release (5.5.9), PHP is still one of
the most popular server-side scripting languages today. Rasmus Lerdorf
developed its first version in 1995. Originally known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Personal Home Page</i>, it now stands for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor</i>, which is a recursive backronym. PHP is
now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1
million web servers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4. <a href="http://www.python.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Python</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Designed with an emphasis on readability and compact syntax, Python is
a dynamic, highly flexible language commonly used for both scripting and
developing applications.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax
allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than
would be possible in languages such as C. The language provides
constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5. <a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C++ (C plus plus)</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C++ is a general purpose programming language that is free-form and compiled.
It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language
features. It provides imperative, object-oriented and generic programming
features.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C++ is
implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an
efficient performance driven programming language it is used in systems
software, application software, device drivers, embedded software,
high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software
such as video games. Various entities provide both open source and proprietary C++ compiler software,
including theFSF, LLVM, Microsoft and Intel. C++ has
influenced many other programming languages, for example, C#<sup> </sup>and Java.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6. <a href="http://www.visualstudio.com/en-us/products/visual-studio-express-vs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C# (C sharp)</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Originally developed by Microsoft for the .NET initiative, C# is a
modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language used to develop
software components for deployment in distributed environments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">C</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">#</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> is intended to be a simple,
modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.<sup> </sup>Anders
Hejlsberg leads the development team for C#. Its most recent version is C</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">#</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> 5.0, which was released on August 15, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7. <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/cocoa/conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Objective-C</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Objective-C</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming
language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming
language. It is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS
X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa
Touch.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Originally developed in the early 1980s, it was selected as the main
language used by NeXT for its NeXTSTEP operating system, from
which OS X and iOS are derived. Generic Objective-C programs
that do not use the Cocoa or Cocoa Touch libraries, or using
parts that may be ported or implemented for other systems can also be compiled
for any system supported by GCC or Clang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Objective-C source code program files usually have .m filename
extensions, while Objective-C header files have .h extensions, the
same as for C header files.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8. <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ruby</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PQJivO0LUW0/UxQX0cpUqfI/AAAAAAAAAV0/mBCL7Hg8T4w/s1600/ruby.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ruby programming language" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PQJivO0LUW0/UxQX0cpUqfI/AAAAAAAAAV0/mBCL7Hg8T4w/s1600/ruby.png" height="200" title="Ruby programming language" width="198" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">Ruby</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose
programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro
"Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Its latest version is Ruby 2.1.1,
which was released on its 24<sup>th</sup> anniversary last February 24.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to its authors, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada,
and Lisp. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object-oriented,
and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory
management.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9. <a href="http://www.cprogramming.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The predecessor of the other popular programming languages (C++, C#,
Java, Objective-C), C programming language nowadays is still used by many
developers, </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">and C compilers are available for the majority of available<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>computer architectures<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>operating
systems. Dennis Ritchie initially developed C between 1969 and 1973 at
AT&T Bell Labs.<span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">10. <a href="http://www.perl.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Perl</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Perl</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">is a family of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>high-level,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>general-purpose,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>interpreted,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dynamic programming languages. The
languages in this family include Perl 5 and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Perl
6.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Though Perl is not
officially an acronym,<sup style="unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"> </sup>there
are various<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>backronyms<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in use, such as:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Practical<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Extraction<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and Reporting Language</i>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Perl was originally developed by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Larry Wall<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in 1987 as a general-purpose<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Unix<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>scripting
language to make report processing easier.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Since
then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. The latest major stable
revision of Perl 5 is 5.18, released in May 2013.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Perl 6, which began as a redesign of
Perl 5 in 2000, eventually evolved into a separate language. Both languages
continue to be developed independently by different development teams and
liberally borrow ideas from one another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Perl languages borrow
features from other programming languages including<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>C,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>shell
scripting<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(sh),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>AWK, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sed.<sup style="unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">
</sup>They provide powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary
data-length limits of many contemporary<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Unix
command line tools,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>facilitating easy manipulation of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>text files. Perl 5 gained widespread
popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>language, in part due to its<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>parsing<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>abilities.<sup style="unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Resources:</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-28429728019503590772014-02-25T15:06:00.000+08:002014-04-30T14:07:00.265+08:00Five of the Biggest Oil and Gas Companies in the World<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AkwzsJ9j07k/UwxAIhZvyNI/AAAAAAAAAVg/1VWuvfl8biY/s1600/oil-gas-cloud-computing+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Top 5 of the Biggest Oil and Gas Companies Worldwide" border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AkwzsJ9j07k/UwxAIhZvyNI/AAAAAAAAAVg/1VWuvfl8biY/s1600/oil-gas-cloud-computing+(1).jpg" height="228" title="Top 5 of the Biggest Oil and Gas Companies Worldwide" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://meship.com/Blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/oil-gas-cloud-computing.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oil and gas</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: justify;">These top </span><a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-oil-gas-projects" style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Oil and Gas companies in the world</a><span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: justify;"> controlled mostly the industry. They hold, process,
transport, refine vast amount of oil and gas reserves, and we all know that
those reserves plays a really big role worldwide. So it’s not very surprising
the value, profits, and revenues of these companies. It’s not also surprising
how much influenced they have globally.</span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Saudi Aramco (Sauid Arabian Oil Co.)</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Based
in Dharhan, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco is an <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/" target="_blank">Oil and Gas Company</a> with estimated
value at up to US$10 trillion according to Financial Times, making it the
world’s most valuable company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Saudi Aramco has the largest crude oil
reserves, at more than 260 billion barrels, and largest daily oil production.
It operates the world’s largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas
System. It managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia. It also owns
the world’s largest oil field, the Ghawar Field. Likewise the Shaybah Field
that is one of the largest oil field in the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Saudi
Aramco’s operations include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Exploration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Production of
oil and gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Refining<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Petrochemicals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">International
shipping<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Marketing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Distribution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.gazprom.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">GazProm (Open Joint Stock Company)</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Based in Moscow, Russia, GazProm is the
largest extractor of natural gas and one of the largest companies in the world.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The company produced 513.2 billion
cubic meters of natural gas in 2011, amounting to 17% of worldwide production.
Gazprom also produces 32.3 million tons of crude oil and 12.1 million tons of
gas condensate. Gazprom’s activities accounted for 8% of Russia’s gross
domestic product in 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">GazProm’s
operations include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Geological
exploration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Production and
processing of gas, gas condensate, and oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Transportation
and storage of gas, gas condensate, and oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Sales of gas
as vehicle fuel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Generation and
marketing of heat and electric power<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mgcXmB13WZY/UwxAIh4r_lI/AAAAAAAAAVk/W9Q86VNdtYk/s1600/oil_and_gas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Top 5 of the Biggest Oil and Gas Companies Worldwide" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mgcXmB13WZY/UwxAIh4r_lI/AAAAAAAAAVk/W9Q86VNdtYk/s1600/oil_and_gas.jpg" height="218" title="Top 5 of the Biggest Oil and Gas Companies Worldwide" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.energydigital.com/oil_gas/oil_and_gas.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oil and gas</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.nioc.ir/portal/Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=a034ee3f-1acf-4bad-a4af-1bbbf5c1e716" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NIOC (National Iranian Oil Co.)</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Based in Tehran, Iran, NIOC is a
government-owned oil and natural gas corporation under the direction of the
Ministry of Petroleum of Iran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">NIOC is exclusively responsible for the
exploration, extraction, transportation, and exportation of crude oil, as well
as sales of natural gas and liquefied natural gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">In 2007 NIOC has 948, 200 billion cubic
feet of natural gas reserves and 300, 385 million barrels of oil equivalent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">NIOC’s
operations include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Exploration
and Production<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Crude Oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Natural Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Pipelines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Procurement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Production
Facilities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Exportation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ExxonMobil (Exxon Mobil Corp.)</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Based in Texas, USA, ExxonMobil a
multinational oil and gas corporation which was formed by the merger of Exxon
and Mobil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">ExxonMobile is the world’s third largest
company by revenue. It has 72 billion of barrels of oil equivalent at the end
of 2007. With 37 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily
refining capacity of 6.3 million barrels, ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in
the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">ExxonMobil’s
operations include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Deepwater
drilling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Energy
efficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Exploration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Extended reach
technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Hrdraulic
fracturing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Liquefied
natural gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Vehicle
technologies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.petrochina.com.cn/Ptr/?COLLCC=2524533730&" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PetroChina (PetroChina Company Limited)</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Baed in Beijing, China, PetroChina is an oil and
gas company and also the China’s biggest oil producer. It is listed as arm of
state-owned China National Petroleum Coporation (CNPC).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">PetroChina’s operations include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Exploration, development, production and of crude oil and natural gas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Refining, transportation, storage of crude oil and oil products;</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Production and marketing of primary petrochemical products, derivative
chemicals and other chemicals;</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Transportation of natural gas, crude oil and refined oil</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-37240230286149800372014-02-25T11:50:00.000+08:002014-02-25T11:50:41.995+08:00Top 5 most popular PHP Framework in 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PHP is one of the most popular server-side scripting language nowadays, that's why PHP
developers have plenty of options when they want to use a framework or web
application framework for their projects. To lessen repetitive code, minimize
tedious tasks, make the development more organize and faster, developers built and used PHP frameworks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">web application framework</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">WAF</span>) is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">software framework<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">that is designed to support the development of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>dynamic websites<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>web
applications<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>web
services<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>web
resources<span style="color: black;">. The framework aims to alleviate the
overhead associated with common activities performed in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>web development<span style="color: black;">. For example, many frameworks provide libraries for<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>database<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">access,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>templating<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">frameworks and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>session<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">management, and they often promote<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>code reuse<span style="color: black;">.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
following lists are the <a href="http://engineering-and-technology.blogspot.com/2014/02/top-5-most-popular-php-framework-in-2014.html">top 5 most popular PHP Frameworks in 2014</a>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://laravel.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Laravel</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.yiiframework.com/about/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Yii</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">"Yii</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">is pronounced as Yee or [ji:], and is an acronym for "<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Yes It Is!</span></strong>”.
This is often the accurate, and most concise response to inquires from those
new to Yii:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Is it fast? ... Is it secure? ... Is it professional? ... Is it right for my
next project? ...<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Yes, it is!</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment--></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yii is a free, open-source Web application development framework written
in PHP5 that promotes clean,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">DRY</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>design
and encourages rapid development. It works to streamline your application
development and helps to ensure an extremely efficient, extensible, and
maintainable end product." - <a href="http://www.yiiframework.com/about/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">continue...</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QmTEIXCuZaY/UwwN7UqJZTI/AAAAAAAAAVM/MD2cuudd_vU/s1600/yii.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Yii- top 5 most popular php framework" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QmTEIXCuZaY/UwwN7UqJZTI/AAAAAAAAAVM/MD2cuudd_vU/s1600/yii.png" height="225" title="Yii- top 5 most popular php framework" width="400" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://symfony.com/at-a-glance" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Symfony </a><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">"What could be more useful than an
application developed by users for their own needs? This is the story of the
genesis of Symfony – born from the imagination of the web designers at
SensioLabs, a web developer in its own right. Symfony was made available to
everyone under an Open Source license. This benefits other developers, who also
have the ability to improve it by adding their own modules. All this was done
in an environment of Best Practices, standardization and interoperability of
applications." - <a href="http://symfony.com/at-a-glance" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">continue...</a></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WhKg1v40tEc/UwwN797ZbFI/AAAAAAAAAVQ/Qo1iLafsoKg/s1600/symfony.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Symfony - top 5 most popular php framework" border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WhKg1v40tEc/UwwN797ZbFI/AAAAAAAAAVQ/Qo1iLafsoKg/s1600/symfony.png" height="225" title="Symfony - top 5 most popular php framework" width="400" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 4.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://docs.phalconphp.com/en/latest/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Phalcon</a></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">"Phalcon is an open source full stack framework for PHP5 written as a C extension, <o:p></o:p></span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 115%;">optimized for high performance. You don’t need to learn or use the C
language, since the functionality is exposed as PHP classes ready for you to
use. Phalcon also is loosely coupled, allowing you to use its objects as glue
components based on the needs of your application.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Phalcon is not only about performance; our goal is to make it robust, rich in features and easy to use!" - <a href="http://docs.phalconphp.com/en/latest/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">continue...</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">"CodeIgniter is a powerful PHP framework with
a very small footprint, built for PHP coders who need a simple and elegant
toolkit to create full-featured web applications. If you're a developer who
lives in the real world of shared hosting accounts and clients with deadlines,
and if you're tired of ponderously large and thoroughly undocumented
frameworks, then CodeIgniter might be a good fit." - <a href="http://ellislab.com/codeigniter" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">continue...</a></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OyV9YaZftes/UwwN17YRT4I/AAAAAAAAAU4/qf1GsZpe44w/s1600/codeigniter.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="CodeIgniter - top 5 most popular php framework" border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OyV9YaZftes/UwwN17YRT4I/AAAAAAAAAU4/qf1GsZpe44w/s1600/codeigniter.png" height="225" title="CodeIgniter - top 5 most popular php framework" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Every
framework listed in here has their own advantages and disadvantages. The best
framework for one other developer is not the best for another. So in order to
identify which is the best fit for your needs and taste, you must try some of
them first. And then after trying them out, you can now precisely decide which
one you must use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What
about you? State your personal top 5 PHP frameworks at the comment section.
Thanks!</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sources:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application_framework" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.sitepoint.com/best-php-frameworks-2014/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.sitepoint.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.catswhocode.com/blog/top-10-php-frameworks-for-2014" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.catswhocode.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://briananglin.me/2014/01/best-php-frameworks-2014/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://briananglin.me</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.tisindia.com/blog/7-best-php-frameworks-2014/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.tisindia.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.stackcomplete.com/top-10-php-frameworks-in-2014/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.stackcomplete.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.roseindia.net/php/PHP/Frameworks-Which-PHP-Framework-to-choose-for-2014.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.roseindia.net</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-39992499514292404932013-12-10T13:49:00.002+08:002013-12-10T13:49:54.618+08:00Stone Mastic Asphalt Details<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are three major types of asphalt
surfacing, characterized by a mixture of bitumen and stone aggregate. These
are: Dense Graded asphalt (DGA); Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) and Open Graded
Asphalt (OGA). Asphalt surfacing differs by the proportion of different size
aggregate, the amount of bitumen added and the presence of other additives and
material. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/JPEGcores/cor10sma.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Stone Mastic Asphalt</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Stone mastic asphalt</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> (SMA), also called <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">stone-matrix asphalt</span>, was developed in
Germany in the 1960s. It provides a deformation resistant, durable surfacing
material, suitable for heavily trafficked roads. SMA has found use in Europe,
Australia, the United States, and Canada as a durable asphalt surfacing
option for residential streets and highways. SMA has a high coarse aggregate content
that interlocks to form a stone skeleton that resists permanent deformation.
The stone skeleton is filled with mastic of bitumen and filler to
which fibers are added to provide adequate stability of bitumen and
to prevent drainage of binder during transport and placement. Typical SMA
composition consists of 70−80% coarse aggregate, 8−12% filler, 6.0−7.0% binder,
and 0.3 per cent fiber.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Difference Between SMA
& Conventional Mixes:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--CfrN5GvA-0/UqapvEDaTLI/AAAAAAAAAUI/IHO_Ii0wifs/s1600/21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Stone Mastic Asphalt Composition" border="0" height="186" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--CfrN5GvA-0/UqapvEDaTLI/AAAAAAAAAUI/IHO_Ii0wifs/s320/21.jpg" title="Stone Mastic Asphalt Composition" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dn03i5IbGD4/Tl_FxVNBr3I/AAAAAAAAALg/hBQWtdthi18/s1600/21.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Stone Mastic Asphalt Composition</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">SMA is successfully used by many
countries in the world as highly rut resistant bituminous course, both for
binder (intermediate) and wearing course. The major difference between
conventional mixes and SMA is in its structural skeleton .The SMA has high
percent about 70-80 percent of coarse aggregate in the mix. This increases the
interlocking of the aggregates and provides better stone to stone contact,
which serves as load carrying mechanism in SMA and hence provides better rut
resistance and durability. On the other hand, conventional mixes contain about
40-60 percent coarse aggregate. They does have stone to stone contact, but it
often means the larger grains essentially float in a matrix composed of smaller
particles, filler and asphalt content .The stability of the mix is primarily
controlled by the cohesion and internal friction of the matrix which supports
the coarse aggregates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The second difference lies in the binder content,
which lies between 5-6 percent for conventional mixes. Below this the mix
becomes highly unstable. Above this percent will lead to abrupt drop of
stability because the binder fills all the available voids and the extra binder
makes the aggregates to float in binder matrix. The SMA uses very high percent
of binder > 6.5 percent which is attributed to filling of more amount of
voids present in it, due to high coarse aggregate skeleton. The high bitumen
content contributes to the longevity of the pavements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The third difference is the use of stabilizing
additives in SMA, which is attributed to the filling up of large number of
voids in SMA so as to reduce the drain down due to presence of high bitumen
content. On the contrary, there is no stabilizing agent in conventional mixes
since the bitumen content is moderate, which only serves the purpose of filling
the moderate amount of voids and binding the aggregates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Composition</span></b><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> of SMA:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: left;">1. Asphalt (Binder)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: left;">2. Aggregate</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: left;">3. Fibers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: left;">4. Mineral filler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Advantages:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><br /></b>
• High stability against permanent deformation (rutting) and high wear
resistance.<br />
• Slow aging and durability to premature cracking of the asphalt<br />
• Longer service-life<br />
• SMA has a higher macro-texture than dense-graded pavements for better
friction<br />
• Reduced spray, reduced hydroplaning and reduced noise.<br />
• Good low temperature performance<br />
• Even though SMA has a higher cost than conventional dense mixes,
approximately 20 to 25 percent, the advantages of longer life (decreased
rutting and increased durability).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Disadvantages:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><br /></b>
• Increased cost associated with higher binder and filler contents, and fiber
Additive,<br />
• High filler content in SMA may result in reduced productivity. This may Be
overcome by suitable plant modifications,<br />
• Possible delays in opening to traffic as SMA mix should be cooled to 40 <sup>o</sup>C
to prevent flushing of the binder surface, and<br />
• Initial skid resistance may be low until the thick binder film is worn off
the top of the surface by traffic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sources:</span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.engineeringcivil.com/stone-mastic-asphalt.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Stone Mastic Asphalt</a></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_mastic_asphalt" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Wiki Stone Mastic Asphalt</a></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-88137400345479562862013-12-06T11:53:00.002+08:002013-12-06T11:53:55.839+08:00Engineering Milestone: World's Largest Vessel (Barge)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is a continuation
of a series of articles that tackles different engineering achievement, from
world’s tallest building, longest bridge, biggest building, and the likes. Now
let’s talk about the world’s largest vessel.</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Before going on to the discussion bout the world’s
largest vessel, let’s define first “<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/vessel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vessel</a>”, “<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/barge" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">barge</a>”, and a “<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ship" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ship</a>”. A vessel is
a craft, especially one larger than a rowboat, designed to navigate on water. A
ship is a vessel of considerable size for deep-water navigation. While barge a
vessel, usually flat-bottomed and with or without its own power, used for
transporting freight, especially on canals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">We defined those 3 so that we will not be confused
with their meaning (if ever you’re confused). So let’s now continue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u3v6gqR299o/UqE2XSat_VI/AAAAAAAAATk/tl3-FRTpXD0/s1600/article-2518943-19DB695600000578-607_964x623.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Prelude- world's largest vessel" border="0" height="257" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u3v6gqR299o/UqE2XSat_VI/AAAAAAAAATk/tl3-FRTpXD0/s400/article-2518943-19DB695600000578-607_964x623.jpg" title="Prelude- world's largest vessel" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prelude</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">This one is longer than the height of Empire State
Building; its storage tanks have a capacity equivalent to 175 Olympic-size
swimming pools. It was designed to endure a category-five typhoon, and will be
in service for around 25 years. The South Korean shipbuilder Samsung Heavy
Industries floated “Prelude” the partially 1, 601-feet long and 600, 000-ton
vessel off the southern shipyard in Geoje on November 30, 2013. It’s a floating
liquefied natural gas (FLNG) platform, commissioned by the Dutch energy company
Shell, the facility is due to be delivered by September 2016.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RPjLtDsw3R4/UqFJZSaSLTI/AAAAAAAAAT0/3z6C3kX3Mp0/s1600/article-2518943-19DB86C800000578-456_964x601.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Prelude - World's largest barge" border="0" height="248" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RPjLtDsw3R4/UqFJZSaSLTI/AAAAAAAAAT0/3z6C3kX3Mp0/s400/article-2518943-19DB86C800000578-456_964x601.jpg" title="Prelude - World's largest barge" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prelude</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Prelude would operate in a remote basin around 475
kilometers (295 miles) northeast of Broome, a town in Western Australia to tap
<a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-offshore-projects" target="_blank">offshore gas</a>. It is 74 meters wide and 11 meters high, and it is expected to
produce 3.6 million tons a year (mtpa) of LNG, and 5.3 mtpa of liquids and
other hydrocarbons. As for comparison, Shell’s US-based rival Chevron, leads
the development of “Gorgon” a lan-based producing plant. Gorgon is expected to
produce 15.6 mtpa when it is done in early 2015. But Gorgon is more expensive
than Prelude, the former is estimated to cost around $US 52B while the latter
is estimated on $US 12B.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Prelude can produce enough gas to supply a city the
size of Hong Kong. It is not yet finished but Shell’s technicians are already
designing a larger and tougher vessel than Prelude.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sources:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2518943/Worlds-biggest-ship-Prelude-takes-water-time.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World’s largest ship, which is bigger than the Empire State Building, takes to the water for first time</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://ph.news.yahoo.com/samsung-floats-world-39-largest-vessel-044506557--finance.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: Verdana;" target="_blank">World's largest vessel launched by Samsung</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-59172909269082540562013-12-04T16:02:00.000+08:002013-12-04T16:02:01.942+08:00Engineering Milestone: World's Largest Airplane<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is a continuation
of a series of articles that tackles different engineering achievement, from
world’s tallest building, longest bridge, biggest building, and the likes. Now
let’s talk about the world’s largest airplane.</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">If you wanted to lift a 200-ton cargo and transfer
it to another place what you’re going to do? Well for Antonov An-255 Mriya,
that’s just an easy task. Mriya is a strategic airlift cargo aircraft designed
by the Soviet Union’s Antonov Design Beareau in 1984 – 1988. It’s been created
to do the following missions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Transportation of the wide-range of cargo (large-sized, heavy,
long-size) with total weight up to 250 ton.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Intercontinental non-stop airlift of cargoes weighting 180−200
ton.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Intercontinental airlift of cargoes with weight up to 150 ton.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Transportation of a heavy large-size single pieces with weight up
to 200 ton on the external store.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">6 turbofan engines power it and it is the heaviest
aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight of 640 tons and the biggest
heavier-than-air aircraft in terms of length and wingspan in operational
service.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yi1IpCaRnXU/Up7fWfVCOlI/AAAAAAAAATY/uqwCCY6GUPY/s1600/03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mriya An-255" border="0" height="257" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yi1IpCaRnXU/Up7fWfVCOlI/AAAAAAAAATY/uqwCCY6GUPY/s400/03.jpg" title="Mriya An-255" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.arnaldotemporal.xpg.com.br/jpg/o_maior_aviao_do_mundo/03.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">An-225</a><span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: justify;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Its first flight took place on December 21, 1988.
It is one of the 2 An-255 aircraft that Antonov/Soviet Union planned to create.
The other one have never been completed as of now. In May 2011 Antonov CEO is
reported to have said that the completion of a second An-225 Mriya transport
aircraft with a carrying capacity of 250 tons requires at least
$300 million, but if the financing is provided, its completion could be
achieved in three years.<sup> </sup>According to different sources, the second
jet is 60–70% complete.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tjRfUMr8t4k/Up7fU4JFzVI/AAAAAAAAATQ/PzS_ZXGvAMg/s1600/22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mriya An-255" border="0" height="242" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tjRfUMr8t4k/Up7fU4JFzVI/AAAAAAAAATQ/PzS_ZXGvAMg/s400/22.jpg" title="Mriya An-255" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.arnaldotemporal.xpg.com.br/jpg/o_maior_aviao_do_mundo/22.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mriya An-225</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The modernization of Mriya started in 2000, the aim
was to use it for commercial purposes, which transport different cargoes. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The decision had been taken due to
many applications sent to Antonov Airlines for transportation of cargoes
heavier than the AN-124-100 Ruslan’s payload. On May 23, 2001, the Mriya
passed the certification tests. Aviation Register of Interstate Aviation Committee
(AR IAC) and Ukraviatrans issued type certificates to the An-225.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An-255 has a 43.32-meter length, 6.4-meter
width, and 4.4-meter height of cargo compartment. That space allows the cargo
to carry several cargoes inside like:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sixteen standard aeronautical containers of UAC−10
type.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50 cars.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Single piece of cargoes up to 200 t (turbines,
generators, dump trucks − Belaz, Kamatsu, Euclid, etc.).</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The following are the specification of An-255:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">General characteristics:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc">
<li><b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Crew:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> 6</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Length:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 84 m
(275 ft 7 in)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Wingspan:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 88.4 m
(290 ft 0 in)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Height:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 18.1 m
(59 ft 5 in)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Wing area:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 905 m<sup>2</sup> (9,740 sq ft)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Aspect ratio:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 8.6<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Empty weight:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 285,000
kg (628,317 lb)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Max takeoff weight:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 640,000
kg (1,410,958 lb)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Fuel capacity:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 300000
kg<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Cargo hold </b>– volume 1,300m<sup>3</sup>, length 43.35m, width
6.4m, height 4.4m<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Powerplant:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 6 × ZMKB
Progress D-18 turbofans, 229.5 kN (51,600 lbf) thrust each</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Performance:</span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Cruising speed:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 800 km/h
(497 mph; 432 kn)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Range:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 15,400 km
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Service ceiling:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 11,000 m
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Wing loading:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 662.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (135.8 lb/sq ft)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Thrust/weight:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 0.234<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sources:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-225" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Antonov An-225</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.antonov.com/aircraft/transport-aircraft/an-225-mriya" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">AN-225 Mriya / Super Heavy Transport</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-55357969325769955552013-11-27T16:53:00.000+08:002015-01-21T11:11:36.004+08:00What are Engineering Consultants<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uwzg-FyFbIQ/UpWxXVBKWfI/AAAAAAAAAS0/PShr6tD-Q5M/s1600/cap.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="what are engineering consultants" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uwzg-FyFbIQ/UpWxXVBKWfI/AAAAAAAAAS0/PShr6tD-Q5M/s400/cap.jpeg" height="266" title="what are engineering consultants" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.rimmec.com/images/cap.jpeg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Engineering helmet</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Engineering consultants are vital part of any
industry; they can supervise a company or the government to a variety of fields,
like manufacturing, oil and gas exploration, telecommunication, power
generation, etc. they can also lead the designing of different facilities,
machineries, infrastructures, and buildings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Professional individual or companies that has
expertise in several fields like science, technology and engineering related
areas can provide engineering consulting services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Consultants are hired when a company or the
government requires the knowledge and expertise of an individual or group of an
individual for specific projects. A consultant usually has many years of
experience and qualifications under his/her belt. They can be hired short term
for specific projects or long term for several projects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Procuring <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/technical-engineering-consultants-services" target="_blank">engineering consultants</a> is a cost
effective way of having the service of a highly technical person.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Several big engineering companies like ABB and
Siemens often enlist the services of engineering consultants for their
different projects. In order to become a successful engineering consultants,
the individual must have many years of experience, has the expertise or mastery
for certain engineering, science, and technological fields, and he/she must
also have a network of peers with the same or related specialty, thus joining a
group of engineers, scientist, or technologist will help, or much better apply
for pooling for several <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/" target="_blank">companies that provide engineering consulting services.</a></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-78318243574009932592013-11-22T15:52:00.002+08:002013-11-22T15:53:04.410+08:00Websites for Engineering News and Resources<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The following websites provides updated and
relevant news and resources about engineering. These websites can be useful for engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">1. <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Science Daily</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. <a href="http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Engineering News</a></span></div>
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Construction, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Defence</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">, Economy, Electricity, Energy, Environment, ICT, Metals,
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. <a href="http://www.enr.construction.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Engineering News Record</a></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">ASME has a directory of several
engineering and industry groups, it also tackles different engineering topics
like Aerospace & </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Defence</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">, Applied Mechanics, Nuclear Power, Nanotechnology,
Energy Efficiency, Arctic Engineering, Bioengineering, CAD, Environmental
Engineering, Fluids Engineering, Manufacturing & Processing, and many more.<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7. <a href="http://www.eeweb.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Electrical Engineering Community</a></span></div>
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its users.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8. <a href="http://www.power-eng.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Power Engineering</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9. <a href="http://www.ogj.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oil and Gas Journal</a></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-87876063257054185662013-11-14T14:32:00.000+08:002013-11-14T14:32:15.805+08:00Engineering Milestone: World's Largest Building<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is a
continuation of a series of articles that tackles different engineering
achievement, from world’s tallest building, longest bridge, biggest building,
and the likes. Now let’s talk about the world’s largest building (Largest floor
space).</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;">China is now on a construction
boom, infrastructures are popping up like mushrooms. As its economy grows, they
have more resources to build magnificent buildings. Last July 01, 2013, the New
Century Global Center was officially opened. It is 100 meters high, 500 meters
long, and 400 meters wide with 1, 700, 000 square meters (1.7 sq km) of floor
space. To put on perspective its size, it is as large as 329 football fields,
it could hold 20 Sydney Opera Houses, and it is three times the size of
Pentagon Building. And actually it’s just slightly smaller than Monaco (2 sq
km). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QR-CqVvJe98/UoRrAxfRvLI/AAAAAAAAAQ0/mlTK20odC-Q/s1600/original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="World's Largest Building - New Century Global Center" border="0" height="230" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QR-CqVvJe98/UoRrAxfRvLI/AAAAAAAAAQ0/mlTK20odC-Q/s400/original.jpg" title="World's Largest Building - New Century Global Center" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;">The construction was started on
2010 and was finished on 2013. It’s a 18-story, glass-and-steel frame structure
that sits above a new subway station in Chengdu, a Sichuan province city of
more than 14 million and one of China's fastest-growing megalopolises. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XfUH8c581r4/UoRrEmCQjSI/AAAAAAAAARI/At8XycUGtKI/s1600/slide_307705_2679524_free.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="World's Largest Building - New Century Global Center" border="0" height="260" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XfUH8c581r4/UoRrEmCQjSI/AAAAAAAAARI/At8XycUGtKI/s400/slide_307705_2679524_free.jpg" title="World's Largest Building - New Century Global Center" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mfzIIa1qexU/UoRrGXlNbBI/AAAAAAAAARQ/huIr9mAGSyc/s1600/slide_307705_2679490_free.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="World's Largest Building - New Century Global Center" border="0" height="265" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mfzIIa1qexU/UoRrGXlNbBI/AAAAAAAAARQ/huIr9mAGSyc/s400/slide_307705_2679490_free.jpg" title="World's Largest Building - New Century Global Center" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;">Inside New Century Global Center
are shopping malls, offices, 2 five-star 1000-room hotels, conference rooms, a
university complex, two commercial centers, an IMAX cinema, a
"Mediterranean village", a pirate ship and skating rink. The
centerpiece of the building will be a 5,000 m<sup>2</sup> (54,000 sq ft)
artificial beach that can accommodate 6,000 people; a giant 150 by 40 m
(490 by 130 ft) screen will form the horizon and offer sunrises
and sunsets.<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;">I’m pretty sure that in the
distant future, construction of this kind of building will be more often, not
only in China but in other countries too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Century_Global_Centre" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">New Century Global Centre</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-16320323179804582462013-11-12T09:30:00.000+08:002013-11-12T09:34:17.242+08:00From Rounders Bats to Royal Navy Warships<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When we think of Royal Navy Warships, we think of their damaging capacity
and rich history more than their technology. However, technology has a
monumental part to play in ensuring the Navy Warships are safe and effective.
Customised 2m stainless steel tubes are used for Royal Navy type 45 Destroyer
Warships. These tubes and their customisation reduce the rotation that is
caused by the seas movement. This is integral for the ships to operate at
maximum efficiency and safety. The process used to ensure this? A process
called tube end forming.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">At the other end of the scale, believe it or not, tube end forming
is used to produce children's sports equipment</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222;">. </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">Ever wondered how metal rounders bats are made? Look no further. Tube
end forming is used in the production of rounders bats, creating a firmer, more
durable bat. This means that the sport is being actively influenced by Tube end
forming and its benefits.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is Tube end forming?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tube end forming is a process in which a tube of any material is
altered at its end to achieve a specific functional or aesthetic effect. The
tube can be flared outwards, pinched inwards, expanded outwards; tapered...the
list goes on. These varied individual tube end forming all serve a purpose,
but specifically seem to be important within the <a href="http://www.engineering-and-technology.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">engineering and technological world</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The companies that create tube end forming contribute largely to our
development of engineering and technology, and indeed to everyday life. The
amount of different products generated by tube end forming is astonishing, uses
from engineering and machinery parts to the putting together of marquees and
tents!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is the significance of varied Tube end forming?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tube Endings come in various different forms from expanded tube
endings, which are used to fit on different parts in machines to tube end reduction,
which is used for tube layering. This allows tubes of different materials to be
reduced into each other causing a 'sandwich' effect.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Micro tube end forming can be immensely useful, used to alter tubes
less than 2 mm in diameter.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This can be used to create effective needles for IV fluid in the
medical world and also can be used to make throttle components for jet engines.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All of these different types of tube end forming enable engineers
and designers alike, to produce and create innovative technology and indeed
develop current patents making them easier to produce. For example, if 2 or 3
components of a machine can be replaced with something as simple as a modified
tube end then this will save money on production, increase efficiency of the
machine or product and even increase profit with money being saved in the
production process.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What materials are used by tube end forming?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The answer is just about anything. The materials can all be
customised to different tube ends, to name a few; aluminium, brass, carbon
steel, copper, kovar, nickel and ni alloys, rodar, stainless steel and titanium.
With this range of materials available, we can see how the uses of tube end
forming and the variation of things they can be used in is vast.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tube end forming is found all over the UK and indeed the world.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.techniswage.co.uk/" target="_blank">Tube end forming</a> can be
found in a number of different industries, mainly technology and engineering
based, but a few that would certainly surprise you. The eclectic nature of the
business is shown in this list of different industries it is used in:</span></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aerospace and Aircraft</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Air Compressor</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Air Conditioner</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Automotive</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Beverage</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electronics</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Engine</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gas and Appliance</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Heat Exchanger</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OEM</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Utilities (Power/Sewer/Water)</span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is just a list of the more practical uses for tube end forming.
There are other uses for this process which can be used even artistically. Last
year in the 2012 Olympics, <a href="http://www.techniswage.co.uk/news/london-2012-games.html" target="_blank">tube end forming was used to make the absolutely iconic Olympic torch</a>. Made of 204
flared and customised tube ends or 'petals', the torch represented a beacon
that toasted not only the Olympic Games coming to the UK but the celebration of
the possibilities of engineering, customisation and design.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #fcf7d1; border: 1px dashed #999; padding: 5px;">
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>Contributed by:</i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>Dean Ronnie</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><i><a href="http://www.techniswage.co.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.techniswage.co.uk</a></i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-68650868248782820952013-11-11T13:35:00.000+08:002013-11-11T13:37:01.882+08:00Engineering Milestone: World's Longest Bridge of Any Type<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is a
continuation of a series of articles that tackles different engineering
achievement, from world’s tallest building, longest bridge, biggest building,
and the likes. Now let’s talk about the world’s longest bridge.</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">With the advancement of technology and machinery, building
something big and long now seems to be less difficult. With this, <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/about-bright-heritage-engineering-design-services" target="_blank">engineers and architects</a> were able to build majestic infrastructures around the globe. And
one kind of that majestic infrastructure is the Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge in
China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e049Uet0k4M/UoBpt3BmBAI/AAAAAAAAAQo/kThubfCp4Ms/s1600/267958%252Cxcitefun-kunshan-grand-bridge-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge" border="0" height="282" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e049Uet0k4M/UoBpt3BmBAI/AAAAAAAAAQo/kThubfCp4Ms/s400/267958%252Cxcitefun-kunshan-grand-bridge-3.jpg" title="Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://img.xcitefun.net/users/2011/10/267958,xcitefun-kunshan-grand-bridge-3.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">According to Wikipedia, a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bridge</span> is a structure built
to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley,
or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are
many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different
situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge,
the nature of the terrain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span style="background: white;">where the
bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds
available to build it.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;">There are several type of bridge,
this our:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Beam Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Truss Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Cantilever Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Arch Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Tied Arch Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Suspension Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Cable-stayed Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Double-Decked Bridge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Viaduct</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge falls into viaduct category, which
is </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">composed of several small spans for crossing a valley or
a gorge. The bridge is 164, 800 meters (164.8 km) long. It has a main span of
80 meters (260 ft) and it runs through land and over water. Actually the
world’s longest bridge over water the Qingdao Haiwan Road Bridge is just a part
of Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge. Qiandao Haiwan Bridge (Jiaozhou Bay Bridge) is
26.7 km long. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uyZqGnVj4DA/UoBptO2g5HI/AAAAAAAAAQg/cNoS4tKmhE4/s1600/danyangkunshan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge Rout" border="0" height="221" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uyZqGnVj4DA/UoBptO2g5HI/AAAAAAAAAQg/cNoS4tKmhE4/s400/danyangkunshan.jpg" title="Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge Rout" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://img705.imageshack.us/img705/5205/danyangkunshan.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge Rout</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is
located on the rail line between Shanghai and Nanjing. Its construction started
on 2006 and was completed on 2010 and the official opening was on 2011, the
construction employed 10, 000 workers and costs around $8.5 billion. The main
purpose of the bridge is to solve the railway traffic on the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;">The high volume of workers is
partially caused by the 450, 000 tons of steel structure used in the
construction. Chinese officials stated that, the Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge
can withstand strong typhoons, magnitude 8 earthquakes and an impact that is
equal to a 300, 000 ton vessel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">With its massive length, Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge is truly an <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/engineering-consulting-jobs-in-civil-engineering" target="_blank">Engineering milestone</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bridge</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaduct" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Viaduct</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges_in_the_world" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">List of longest bridges in the world</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyang%E2%80%93Kunshan_Grand_Bridge" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-bridges.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Types of Bridges</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.allthatisinteresting.net/some-interesting-facts-on-danyang-kunshan-grand-bridge/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Interesting facts on </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge</span></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-72338968422996005052013-11-08T16:21:00.002+08:002013-11-08T16:35:15.244+08:00Engineering Milestone: World’s Tallest Building<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><i>In the following articles, we will tackle about
different engineering achievement, from world’s tallest building, longest
bridge, biggest building, and the likes. This post is the first of the series,
so let’s start.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat, an organization that certifies buildings as the "World’s
Tallest", recognizes a building only if at least fifty percent of its
height is made up of floor plates containing habitable floor area. Structures
that do not meet this criterion, such as the CN Tower, are defined as
"towers".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4KVIGo0dvM8/UnyRTmyn7PI/AAAAAAAAAPY/5shvLPnkEx4/s1600/Burj_Khalifa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Burj Khalifa - World's Tallest Building" border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4KVIGo0dvM8/UnyRTmyn7PI/AAAAAAAAAPY/5shvLPnkEx4/s400/Burj_Khalifa.jpg" title="Burj Khalifa - World's Tallest Building" width="227" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burj Khalifa</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Since 2010, the structure that holds the “World’s Tallest Building” title is the <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/views/streetview/burj-khalifa?gl=us&hl=en-us" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burj Khalifa</a> (“Khafa Tower”, Burj Dubai) located in Dubai, UAE. It measures 829.8 meters (2, 722 ft). The construction of the building began on September 21, 2004, its exterior was completed October 1, 2009 and its official inauguration and opening was on January 4, 2010.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: left;">The
tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, who also </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">designed the Willis Tower (formerly the
Sears Tower) in Chicago and the new One World Trade Center in
New York City. The Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design, invented
by Fazlur Rahman Khan. Proportionally, the design uses half the amount of
steel used in the construction of the Empire State Building thanks to the
tubular system. Its design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's
vision for The Illinois, a mile high skyscraper designed for Chicago.
According to Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the building's
design team, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace
Three, an all-residential building in Seoul. In its early planning, Burj
Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the
supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen
to supervise the architecture of the project. Hyder was selected for its
expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing)
engineering. Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction,
certify SOM's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE
authorities. NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural
components including on site supervision during construction and design of a
6-storey addition to the Office Annex Building for architectural documentation.
NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the
Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD,<sup>[47]</sup> an
international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent
verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from
patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture. According to the
<a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/about-bright-heritage-engineering-design-services" target="_blank">structural engineer</a>, Bill Baker of SOM, the building's design incorporates
cultural and historical elements particular to the region such as the spiral
minaret. The spiral minaret spirals and grows slender as it rises. The
Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage, with the wings allowing
maximum outward views and inward natural light. As the tower rises from
the flat desert base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiralling pattern,
decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky and
creating convenient outdoor terraces. At the top, the central core emerges and
is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a
total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6FJ4FlqCtZ4/UnyTl2mPotI/AAAAAAAAAP4/A2cf115a4P0/s1600/groundlevelxf7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Burj Khalifa- Ground Level Layout" border="0" height="246" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6FJ4FlqCtZ4/UnyTl2mPotI/AAAAAAAAAP4/A2cf115a4P0/s320/groundlevelxf7.jpg" title="Burj Khalifa- Ground Level Layout" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, lucida grande, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://img387.imageshack.us/img387/7918/groundlevelxf7.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ground Level Layout</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">To support the unprecedented height of the
building, <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/technical-engineering-consultant-careers" target="_blank">the engineers</a> developed a new structural system called the buttressed
core, which consists of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that
form the ‘Y' shape. This structural system enables the building to support
itself laterally and keeps it from twisting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than
4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The
central pinnacle pipe weighing 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long
tons) was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of
over 200 m (660 ft) using a strand jack system. The spire
also houses communications equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eowRoZoQp7A/UnyTmLy1NuI/AAAAAAAAAQA/PfktG0DPf_o/s1600/Burj-Khalifa-Interior-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Inside Burj Khalifa" border="0" height="212" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eowRoZoQp7A/UnyTmLy1NuI/AAAAAAAAAQA/PfktG0DPf_o/s320/Burj-Khalifa-Interior-001.jpg" title="Inside Burj Khalifa" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/2010/burj-khalifa-interior/Burj-Khalifa-Interior-001.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Inside Burj Khalifa</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">In 2009, architects announced that more than 1,000
pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential
lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa, featuring
196 bronze and brass alloy cymbals representing the 196
countries of the world. It was planned that the visitors in this lobby
would be able to hear a distinct timbre as the cymbals, plated with 18-carat
gold, are struck by dripping water, intended to mimic the sound of water
falling on leaves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa consists of
142,000 m<sup>2</sup> (1,528,000 sq ft) of reflective glazing,
and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with
vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's
extreme summer temperatures. Additionally, the exterior temperature at the top
of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base. Over
26,000 glass panels were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Over
300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for the cladding work on
the tower.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani,
occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors. The hotel was supposed to open on 18
March 2010,<sup> </sup>but after several delays, it finally opened to the
public on 27 April 2010. The corporate suites and offices were also
supposed to open from March onwards, yet the hotel and observation deck remained
the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WDzfCiXGkFU/UnyTlAsrRoI/AAAAAAAAAPo/ICeLS-4lfoE/s1600/burj_khalifa_pics_11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Top Floor - Burj Khalifa" border="0" height="212" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WDzfCiXGkFU/UnyTlAsrRoI/AAAAAAAAAPo/ICeLS-4lfoE/s320/burj_khalifa_pics_11.jpg" title="Top Floor - Burj Khalifa" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://flashydubai.com/images/burj_khalifa_pics_11.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">High Floor</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th
floors house swimming pools. Floors through to 108 have 900 private
residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out
within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming
pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and
suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 122nd, 123rd and 124th
floor where the <i>At.mosphere</i> restaurant, sky lobby and an
indoor and outdoor observation deck is located respectively. In January 2010,
it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents from
February 2010. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Burj Khalifa can accommodate up to 35,000 people at
any one time. A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed. The
elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, the fastest rising and
descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) for double-deck elevators. However,
the world's fastest single-deck elevator still belongs to Taipei 101 at
16.83 m/s (55.2 ft/s). Engineers had considered installing the
world's first triple-deck elevators, but the final design calls for double-deck
elevators.<sup> </sup>The double-deck elevators are equipped with entertainment
features such as LCD displays to serve visitors during their travel to the
observation deck. The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to
the 160th floor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The graphic design identity work for Burj Khalifa
is the responsibility of Brash Brands, who are based in Dubai. Design of
the global launch events, communications, and visitors centers for Burj
Khalifa have also been created </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">by Brash Brands as well as the
roadshow exhibition for the Armani Residences, which are part of the
Armani Hotel within Burj Khalifa, which toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow
and Delhi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other records Burj Khalifa holds are:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tallest free-standing structure in the world</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Highest number of stories in the world</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Highest occupied floor in the world</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Highest outdoor observation deck in the world</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elevator with the longest travel distance in the
world</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tallest service elevator in the world</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Some other facts about
Burj Khalifa:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DxPQSE65hdA/Unydh6k7LRI/AAAAAAAAAQM/9uAM-Eiwg7w/s1600/Wetland+Plants+046.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DxPQSE65hdA/Unydh6k7LRI/AAAAAAAAAQM/9uAM-Eiwg7w/s400/Wetland+Plants+046.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_oOuz0xVeiQ8/TCJeGvCT7QI/AAAAAAAAASQ/mQzyJYLbaC4/s1600/Wetland+Plants+046.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hymenocallis</a></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The design is an abstraction of the
Hymenocallis, a flower that has long petals that extend from its center. The
flower is found in tropical and subtropical spots around the world, and its
name means “beautiful membrane” in Greek.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The Burj Khalifa is roughly three times the height
of the Eiffel Tower, 15 times the highest point at Niagara Falls and almost
twice as tall as the Empire State Building.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The actual construction of the
building was done by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering and
Construction. It took more than 110,000 tons of concrete, 55,000 tons of steel
rebar, and 22 million man-hours to complete the Burj Khalifa.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">There was so much rebar used to construct this
building—31,400 metric tons, in fact—that if it were all laid end to end it
would cover more than a quarter of the way around the world.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The building’s exterior is made up of 26,000 individually
cut glass panels. More than 300 cladding experts from China collaborated on the
Burj Khalifa’s cladding system, which was designed specially to withstand the
heat of a Dubai summer.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">How do you keep the world’s tallest
building—covered in 24,000 reflective windows—clean? For the Burj Khalifa,
36 cleaners board 12 13-ton machines that move along tracks attached to the
outside of the building, at heights of 20,000 feet. There actually was a competition
for the cleaning gig, and Australian company Cox Gomyl won.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">It comes as no surprise that the world’s tallest
building consumes a whole lot of resources. The Burj Khalifa is supplied
with an average of 250,000 gallons of water every day, and can reach an electrical
demand equal to that of 360,000 100-watt bulbs burning at once.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The Burj Khalifa’s designers anticipated the
difficulty of running down 120 flights of stairs in an emergency, so they
developed the first-ever elevator system for a mega–high rise that can
carry out controlled evacuations for some fire or security issues.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Sources:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Burj Khalifa</a></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-16765670270391284622013-11-08T14:16:00.000+08:002013-11-08T14:20:09.020+08:00What is EcoBot?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">This afternoon, I saw a post from <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131107204229.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Science Daily entitled “</a><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131107204229.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Artificial Heart to PumpHuman Waste Into Future Robots”</a>; with curiosity I read the whole article and
found out that it is about EcoBot. I find the EcoBot very interesting that’s
why I did a little research and I created a post about it. So here it is.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VO56MdQpzVI/Unx_VGaJkGI/AAAAAAAAAPA/0dyRnGap3-8/s1600/ecobot-lead01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="316" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VO56MdQpzVI/Unx_VGaJkGI/AAAAAAAAAPA/0dyRnGap3-8/s400/ecobot-lead01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">EcoBot III</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">EcoBot is short for Ecological Robot and
it refers to a class of energetically autonomous robots that can remain
self-sustainable by collecting their energy from material, mostly waste matter,
in the environment. The only by-product from this process is carbon dioxide,
which would have been produced from the natural biodegradation of the
fuel regardless. This carbon dioxide production belongs to the
immediate carbon cycle of our planet and does not impose to the
already increasing problem of the greenhouse effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Clearly, EcoBot is a robot
that can function completely on its own by collecting waste and converting it
into electricity. Researchers in Bristol Robotics Library U.K. (</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melhuish,
Greenman, Ieropoulos and Horsfield</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">) developed
one of the first EcoBot the EcoBot-I. It utilized sugar as the fuel and </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ferricyanide
in the cathode, to perform </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototaxis" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">phototaxis</a>.
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The second EcoBot
developed by the same BRL researchers is the EcoBot-II and it was the first
robot in the world to perform sensing, information processing, and
communication and actuation phototaxis, by utilizing unrefined biomass. In
fact, it consumed dead flies, rotten fruits
and crustacean shells as the fuel and oxygen from free air
as the cathode. EcoBot-II operated continuously for 12 days after having been
fed with 8 houseflies of the species Musca domestica (Ieropoulos et al.
2005a, b; Melhuish et al. 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EcoBot-II is the first
practical example of a <a href="http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/ex/2006/03/x3082-abs.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Symbot </a>(symbiotic robot) that
exhibited artificial symbiosis – the beneficial integration between
the live microbial part and the artificial mechatronic part.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The two
EcoBots do not employ any other form of conventional power supply and do not
require any form of initial charging from an external source. Instead, they are
powered directly by the onboard<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">microbial fuel cells<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">(MFCs). This is in contrast with<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Gastrobot<span style="color: black;">, which although it was the first example of a practical
application that employed MFCs, it used onboard conventional batteries and
required initial charging from the mains.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">EcoBot-III was developed in 2010, as part of a
European FP-6 funded project, by Ieropoulos I., Greenman J., Melhuish C. and
Horsfield I and was the world's first robot to exhibit true
self-sustainability, albeit in primitive form. This robot was capable of
operating within an enclosed environment for 7 days, by collecting its food and
water from the arena environment, metabolizing these through the collection of
48 small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells and excreting the waste by-products at the
end of the day. This work was presented at the Artificial Life XII Conference
that was held in Odense, Denmark between the 19–23 August 2010 and the
scientific paper (Ieropoulos et al. 2010) was published by the MIT Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">And yesterday (November 7,
2013) as posted by Science Daily, researchers from Bristol (</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peter Walters <i>et
al</i> 2013 <i>Bioinspir. Biomim</i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">) created a new device capable of pumping human waste into the
"engine room" of a self-sustaining robot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Modelled on the human heart, the artificial device
incorporates smart materials called shape memory alloys and could be used to
deliver human urine to future generations of EcoBot. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">The device has been tested and the results have
been presented today, 8 November, in IOP Publishing's journal <i>Bioinspiration
and Biomimetics</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Researchers based at the Bristol Robotics
Laboratory – a joint venture between the University of the West of England and
University of Bristol have created four generations of EcoBots in the past 10
years, each of which is powered by electricity-generating microbial fuel cells
that employ live microorganisms to digest waste organic matter and generate
low-level power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">In the future, it is believed that EcoBots could be
deployed as monitors in areas where there may be dangerous levels of pollution,
or indeed dangerous predators, so that little human maintenance is needed. It
has already been shown that these types of robots can generate their energy
from rotten fruit and vegetables, dead flies, wastewater, sludge and human
urine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">EcoBot would be very helpful if it reached its full
potential. They can be deployed to dangerous and polluted environment with or
without little involvement from humans. What’s great about EcoBot is their
capability to create or generate their own electricity that will keep them
running. With that, I hope that researchers can find more ways and techniques
to improve and take the EcoBots to the next level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sources: </span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoBot" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">EcoBot</a><!--EndFragment-->
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.iop.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Institute of Physics</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-3190/8/4/046012/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="line-height: 16.1875px;">Peter Walters </span><em style="line-height: 16.1875px;">et al</em><span style="line-height: 16.1875px;"> 2013 </span><em style="line-height: 16.1875px;">Bioinspir. Biomim</em> </a></span><!--EndFragment--></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-20282962400662989182013-11-08T11:25:00.001+08:002013-11-08T14:20:37.476+08:00How to open existing project in Android (Eclipse)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In Android Programming using Eclipse IDE, you can load a pre existing project into your workspace. This can be attain by the following five steps.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;">Step 1:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;">Open eclipse (of course).</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;">Step 2:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;">Click "File" in the menu bar then New->Project</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cOKUmN9f68M/UnxXGA0L1VI/AAAAAAAAAOI/O6POGUN16CI/s1600/step1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Step 2 - How to open existing files in android" border="0" height="225" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cOKUmN9f68M/UnxXGA0L1VI/AAAAAAAAAOI/O6POGUN16CI/s400/step1.png" title="Step 2 - How to open existing files in android" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;">Step 3:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;">Select "Android Project from Existing Code" in the pop up window.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UbEul1atwhY/UnxXHNDDi4I/AAAAAAAAAOU/6RRujycmIe8/s1600/step2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Step 3 - How to open existing files in android" border="0" height="225" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UbEul1atwhY/UnxXHNDDi4I/AAAAAAAAAOU/6RRujycmIe8/s400/step2.png" title="Step 3 - How to open existing files in android" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #20124d;">Step 4:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;">Click "Browse" and locate the folder of the Android Project.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zxua40TV6eQ/UnxXH4-XedI/AAAAAAAAAOg/f7MN31AqufM/s1600/step3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Step 4 - How to open existing files in android" border="0" height="225" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zxua40TV6eQ/UnxXH4-XedI/AAAAAAAAAOg/f7MN31AqufM/s400/step3.png" title="Step 4 - How to open existing files in android" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #20124d;">Step 5:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;">Click the checkbox under "Project to Import" and the checkbox beside "Copy project into to workspace" then click "finish".</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uAxiJ3Q4bSU/UnxXIQS0fiI/AAAAAAAAAOk/NCLCX_Z3-lE/s1600/step4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Step 5 - How to open existing files in android" border="0" height="225" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uAxiJ3Q4bSU/UnxXIQS0fiI/AAAAAAAAAOk/NCLCX_Z3-lE/s400/step4.png" title="Step 5 - How to open existing files in android" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;">There you go, your Android Project is now on your workspace and ready to be run or edited.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-65096222763830593372013-10-08T19:31:00.000+08:002013-11-08T14:21:18.190+08:00OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY: THE THREE MAJOR SECTORS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.<b> The Upstream Sector</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the <i>exploration and production (E&P) sector</i>.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater crude <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-oil-gas-projects" target="_blank">oil and natural gas</a> fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With the development of methods for extracting methane from coal seams, there has been a significant shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector, and corresponding developments in liquified natural gas (LNG) processing and transport.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(oil_industry)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Upstream</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. <b>The Midstream Sector</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The midstream sector involves the transportation (by pipeline, rail, barge, or truck), storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver the various refined products to downstream distributors. Natural gas pipeline networks aggregate gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver it to downstream customers, such as local utilities.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The midstream operations are often taken to include some elements of the upstream and downstream sectors. For example, the midstream sector may include natural gas processing plants which purify the raw natural gas as well as removing and producing elemental sulfur and natural gas liquids (NGL) as finished end-products.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midstream_(petroleum_industry)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Midstream</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. <b>The Downstream Sector</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The downstream sector commonly refers to the refining of <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-oil-gas-projects" target="_blank">petroleum crude oil and the processing</a> and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector touches consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as well as hundreds of petrochemicals.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Midstream operations are often included in the downstream category and considered to be a part of the downstream sector.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Downstream</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-33653414874396600952013-10-08T19:30:00.000+08:002013-11-08T14:21:59.585+08:00OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY: OVERVIEW<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Energy is not an option. Fossil fuels supply over 86% of the world's energy. An abundant supply of <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-oil-gas-projects" target="_blank">oil and natural gas</a> remains vital in helping us and the industrialized countries of the world maintain and establish a way of life. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Products produced by a barell of oil" src="http://lonestarsecurities.com/images/barelloil.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Products of Crude Oil</b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://lonestarsecurities.com/Book-CH-I.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Book</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Gasoline-</b> <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">is a transparent, </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">petroleum</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">-derived oil that is used primarily as a fuel in </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">internal combustion engines</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">. It consists mostly of </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">organic compounds </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">obtained by the </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">fractional distillation</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">ethanol</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> as an </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">alternative fuel</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">. In North America, the term </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">gasoline</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> is often shortened in colloquial usage to </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">gas</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, while </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">petrol</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> is the common name in the UK, Republic of Ireland, Australia and in most of the other </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Commonwealth</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> countries. Under normal conditions, its physical state is a liquid, unlike </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">liquefied petroleum gas</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> or</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">natural gas</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gasoline</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"><b>Fuel Oil</b>- </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">is a</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">fraction</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">obtained from</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">petroleum</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">distillation</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">furnace</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">or</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">boiler </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">for the generation of heat or used in an</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">engine</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">for the generation of power, except oils having a</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">flash point</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">of approximately</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; white-space: nowrap;">40 °C</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; white-space: nowrap;">(104 °F)</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense,</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">diesel</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">hydrocarbon</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">chains, particularly</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">alkanes</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">cycloalkanes</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">aromatics</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">. The term</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">fuel oil</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">crude oil</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">i.e. heavier than</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">gasoline</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">naphtha</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fuel oil</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Jet Fuel- </b>or <b>aviation turbine fuel</b> (<b>ATF</b>) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1 which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jet fuel</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Asphalt-</b> is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product; it is a substance classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term <b>asphaltum</b> was also used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Abraham1938_5-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[5]</span></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are forbituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The terms <i>asphalt</i> and <i>bitumen</i> are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geological terminology often prefers the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another term, mostly archaic, refers to asphalt/bitumen as "pitch". The pitch used in this mixture is sometimes found in natural deposits but usually made by the distillation of crude oil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil [boiling at <span style="white-space: nowrap;">525 °C</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(977 °F)</span>] is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Asphalt</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Kerosene-</b> is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek: <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">κηρός</span>(<i>keros</i>) meaning wax. The word "Kerosene" was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854, and for several years, only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil "Kerosene" in the United States. It eventually became a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage. The term "kerosene" is usual in much of Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kerosene<b> </b>is usually called paraffin in the UK, Ireland, Southeast Asia and South Africa. A more viscous paraffin oil is used as a laxative. A waxy solid extracted from petroleum is called paraffin wax. Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel) and some rocket engines, but is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, where the price of kerosene is subsidized, it fuels outboard motors on small fishing boats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kerosene lamps are widely used for lighting in rural areas of Asia and Africa where electrical distribution is not available or too costly for widespread use. Total kerosene consumption is equivalent to about 1.2 million barrels per day.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kerosene in some jurisdictions such as the U.S. is legally required to be stored in a blue container to avoid it being confused with the much more flammable gasoline, which is typically kept in a red container. In other jurisdictions, like many in Europe, there are no specific requirements for the storage of kerosene other than the container has to be closed and marked with its contents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kerosene</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Lubricants-</b> Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion andoxidation, aging or contamination, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lubricants such as 2-cycle oil are added to fuels like gasoline which has low lubricity. Sulfur impurities in fuels also provide some lubrication properties, which has to be taken in account when switching to a low-sulfur diesel; biodiesel is a popular diesel fuel additive providing additional lubricity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Non-liquid lubricants include grease, powders (dry graphite, PTFE, Molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, etc.), PTFE tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another approach to reducing friction and wear is to use bearings such as ball bearings, roller bearings or air bearings, which in turn require internal lubrication themselves, or to use sound, in the case of acoustic lubrication.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include cooking (oils and fats in use infrying pans, in baking to prevent food sticking), bio-medical applications on humans (e.g. lubricants for artificial joints), ultrasound examination, internal examinations for males and females, and the use of personal lubricant for sexual purposes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lubricant</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Petrochemicals-</b> are chemical products derived from petroleum. Somechemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethyleneand propylene) and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xyleneisomers). Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha. Olefins and aromatics are the building-blocks for a wide range of materials such as solvents, detergents, andadhesives. Olefins are the basis for polymers and oligomers used in plastics,resins, fibers, elastomers, lubricants, and gels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hatch_1-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[1]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HP_2-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[2]</span></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global ethylene and propylene production are ~115 million tonnes and ~70 million tonnes per annum, respectively. Aromatics production is ~70 million tonnes. The largest petrochemical industries are located in the USA and Western Europe; however, major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is substantial inter-regional petrochemical trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups depending on their chemical structure:</span></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Olefins includes ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Ethylene and propylene are important sources of industrial chemicals andplastics products. Butadiene is used in making synthetic rubber.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aromatics includes benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Benzene is a raw material for dyes and synthetic detergents, and benzene and toluene for isocyanates MDI and TDI used in making polyurethanes. Manufacturers use xylenes to produce plastics and synthetic fibers.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used to make ammonia and methanol. Ammonia is used to make thefertilizer urea and methanol is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The prefix "petro-" is an arbitrary abbreviation of the word "petroleum"; since "petro-" is Ancient Greek for "rock" and "oleum" means "oil". Therefore, the etymologically correct term would be "oleochemicals". However, the term oleochemical is used to describe chemicals derived from plant and animal fats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Petrochemical</a></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-69148693703141105892013-10-01T10:35:00.002+08:002013-10-01T10:47:14.445+08:00Claim your blog in Technorati<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Claiming your blog in
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-70550877574349776772013-09-18T14:57:00.002+08:002013-11-08T14:22:53.455+08:00Top 5 most popular programming languages in 2013<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Programming language is
a formal language designed to communicate instructions to
a machine, particularly a computer. Sometimes when someone said
programming language, they are also referring to scripting language, which are
separate kind of languages. In layman’s term, a programming language doesn’t
need another language for it to run properly, wherein a scripting language does
need another language for it to run properly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The following are the most popular programming languages in
2013:</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4Q2shgGu-iE/UjlM8IkDoiI/AAAAAAAAAMo/6sbqDUx60oA/s1600/java-logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Java - most popular programming language" border="0" height="245" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4Q2shgGu-iE/UjlM8IkDoiI/AAAAAAAAAMo/6sbqDUx60oA/s400/java-logo.jpg" title="Java - most popular programming language" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="http://www.gradleware.com/sites/default/files/java-logo.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gradleware</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.java.com/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Java</a></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>general-purpose,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>concurrent,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>class-based,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>object-oriented<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>computer programming language<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>that is specifically designed to have
as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let
application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning
that code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to run on
another. Java applications are typically<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>compiled<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bytecode<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(class file) that can run on any<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Java virtual machine<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(JVM) regardless of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>computer architecture.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Strengths:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
WORA, popularity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Slower than natively compiled languages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Sample syntax:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">class HelloWorldApp { <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">public
static void main(String[] args) {<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"> System.out.println("Hello
World!"); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>} <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C++</a></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">programming language<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">that is general purpose,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>statically
typed<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>free
form<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>multi-paradigm<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>compiled<span style="color: black;">. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it
comprises both<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>high-level<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>low-level<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">language features.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Developed
by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Bjarne Stroustrup<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">starting in 1979 at<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Bell
Labs<span style="color: black;">, C++ was originally named<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C with Classes</span>, adding<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>object
oriented<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">features, such as classes, and other enhancements to the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>C programming language<span style="color: black;">. The language was renamed C++ in 1983,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>as a pun involving the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>increment operator<span style="color: black;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Strengths:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
Speed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Older and considered clumsy if compared to Java<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Sample syntax:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">#include <iostream><o:p></o:p></iostream></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">using namespace std;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">void main()</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">{</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cout << "Hello World!";<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">}</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/hh341490.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C#</a></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">multi-paradigm
programming language<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">encompassing<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>strong
typing<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>imperative<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>declarative<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>functional<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>procedural<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>generic<span style="color: black;">,</span> object-oriented<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">(</span>class-based<span style="color: black;">), and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>component-oriented<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">programming disciplines. It was developed by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Microsoft<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">within its<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>.NET<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">initiative and later approved as a standard by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Ecma<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">(ECMA-334) and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>ISO<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">(ISO/IEC 23270:2006). C# is one of the programming
languages designed for the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Common
Language Infrastructure<span style="color: black;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Strengths:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
Powerful and fast<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Only really suitable for Windows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Sample syntax:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">public class Hello1 { <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">public
static void Main() {<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"> System.Console.WriteLine("Hello,
World!");<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">}
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.python.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Python</a></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a widely used<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">general-purpose<span style="color: black;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>high-level programming language<span style="color: black;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Its design
philosophy emphasizes code<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>readability<span style="color: black;">, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in
fewer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>lines of code<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">than would be possible in languages such as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>C<span style="color: black;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The language provides constructs
intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Strengths:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
Excellent readability and overall philosophy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> No explicit return types<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sample
syntax:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">def main():<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>print("Hello World!")<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">if __name__ ==
"__main__":<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"> main()</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.cprogramming.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C</a></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a general-purpose<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">programming language<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">initially
developed by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Dennis
Ritchie<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">between 1969 and 1973 at<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>AT&T
Bell Labs<span style="color: black;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Like
most<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>imperative languages<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>ALGOL<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">tradition, C has facilities for<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>structured programming<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">and allows<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>lexical
variable scope<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>recursion<span style="color: black;">, while a</span>static type system<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">prevents many unintended operations. Its design provides
constructs that map efficiently to typical<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>machine
instructions<span style="color: black;">, and therefore it has found lasting use
in applications that had formerly been coded in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>assembly language<span style="color: black;">, most notably<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>system
software<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">like the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Unix<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">computer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>operating
system<span style="color: black;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Strengths:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
Speed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Memory Management, difficult to master<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Sample syntax:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<pre><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">#include<stdio .h=""> </stdio></span></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">main()</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">{</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>printf("Hello World");</span></span></pre>
<pre><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">}</span></span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sources:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Programming language</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Java programming language</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C++ programming language</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C# programming language</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Python programminglanguage</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">C programming language</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.dennisritchie.in/2013/01/top-10-most-popular-computer_20.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: Verdana;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Most popular programminglanguages</span></a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-86992811376067283012013-09-09T18:48:00.000+08:002014-03-05T10:32:34.445+08:00Civil Engineering Failures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The St. Francis Dam Flooding</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Amongst the history of civil engineering disasters, one of the least known is the collapse of the St. Francis Dam and subsequent flooding. Although this disaster claimed more than 500 lives and destroyed millions of dollars of property, very little is heard about it. Even so, it had a major impact on the history of civil engineering and civil engineering regulations today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The St. Francis Dam was designed by William Mulholland, the self-taught chief engineer for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. He was an experienced dam engineer, having completed several smaller dams before this one. He was also responsible for the design and construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, which was the longest aqueduct in the world when it was built in 1913. Without this aqueduct, Los Angeles probably would not have grown to the size and prominence it has today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The St. Frances Dam was a curved concrete gravity dam. By definition, a gravity dam is one where that depends upon the force of gravity to prevent it from being pushed aside by the water it contains. Essentially, the force of the water behind the dam is pushing the dam to tip forward upon it’s toe (the most downstream point of the dam). The weight of the dam is acting against that, causing it to rotate downward into the earth from the same point. As long as the weight of the dam structure itself is greater than the weight of the water behind the dam, it will not move.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Gravity dams are very common due to their high reliability and relative lower construction cost. They can be either solid or hollow, and can be made of only concrete or a combination of concrete and dirt. Other than the weight of the dam, the other major design criterion is to ensure that the toe of the dam is sunk deep enough into the earth to prevent it from sliding forward.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> What caused the St. Francis Dam to fail wasn’t the design of the dam or its construction, but rather a limited understanding of the geological foundation of the dam. In the 1920s, when the dam was built, the technology wasn’t available to properly determine the strength of the paleo-mega-landslide rock formations that the left abutment rested upon. Two of the most famous geologists of the day examined the site and determined that it was suitable for the dam’s construction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> This was the major contributing factor to the failure of this dam. However, it was not the only factor. Twice during the construction of the dam, Mulholland added an additional ten feet to its height. While he compensated for this additional height in his design, those compensations didn’t bring the dam up to the standards practiced by other dam engineers of his day. According to modern standards, the design of this dam was subpar for a concrete dam of its size.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Although there was almost no warning of the impending disaster, earlier in the day of the failure, Mulholland examined a leak in the dam. Leaks in concrete dams are not uncommon, and this one was found to be inconsequential. Since the failure of the dam was mostly caused by the subterranean rock, the only way that that leak could have been an indicator, would be if it was large enough to demonstrate that the dam’s foundation was shifting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The disaster of the St. Francis Dam’s failure resulted in a number of changes to civil engineering, specifically to the area of dam design and construction, but also affecting all areas of civil engineering: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">New federal standards for the construction of dams. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Increased inspections of all dams across the United States were mandated. In the initial inspection after this disaster, a full third of the dams were found to need of alterations, repairs or reinforcement. Today, all dams are inspected on a regular basis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Civil engineering examinations and registration traces its roots to this tragedy, which brought to public light the lack of sufficient standards for civil engineers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> An increased awareness of the geological factors in civil engineering came to light from the failure of the dam’s foundation. Geotechnical engineering can trace its roots to this disaster. Today, geologic input on dam design and construction is commonplace. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The importance of peer review of designs was brought to light. Since this time, a project of this size has never been designed and overseen by only one engineer. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> So, although the collapse of the St. Francis Dam was a disaster that cost many lives, it ultimately became a major part of defining the civil engineering we practice today. The lessons learned from this tragedy have helped ensure that later projects are much less prone to failure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://www.civilengineeringcareers.org/civil-engineering-disasters-the-st-francis-dam-flooding">www.civilengineeringcareers.org</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, completed in 1940, probably stands as the greatest civil engineering failure in history. When constructed, it was to be the third longest suspension bridge in the world. Narrow and graceful, the bridge would connect the Kitsap Peninsula to Tacoma, Washington.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Even before opening, it was clear that the bridge had problems. Workers had noticed undulations in the bridge and named it Galloping Gertie. Since suspension bridges are designed to be flexible, the problem was determined to be inconsequential, as the wave-like undulations would not cause any structural damage to the bridge. However, because of concern for the comfort of commuters on the bridge, a number of measures were designed by civil engineering consultants and implemented to try and reduce these undulations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The bridge failed on November 7th of 1940, a mere four months after opening. Fortunately, the only life lost in its spectacular failure was that of a cocker spaniel named Tubby. Structural engineers were left with the question of analyzing how the bridge failed. As with any civil engineering failure, a thorough analysis is a necessary part of avoiding similar catastrophes in the future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> This bridge was a revolutionary design in suspension bridges, intended to reduce cost, while providing an aesthetically pleasing structure to grace the Tacoma Narrows. Two basic designs for the bridge deck had been proposed, a 25 foot tall traditional lattice-style truss, and 8 foot tall plate girders (which are essentially tall I-beams). Since the girders produced a slimmer, more elegant design at a much lower cost, they were the design decided upon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In addition to this design innovation, there was another critical design feature which contributed to the ultimate demise of Girtie. Since traffic was expected to be fairly low, the bridge was only to be two lanes wide, resulting in an incredibly narrow 25 feet width. Between the narrow width and the low profile, it was the smallest cross section ever conceived for any lengthy suspension bridge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As with any structure, reducing dimensions also reduces rigidity. This, along with the large sail area provided by the eight foot tall girders, gave even the lightest wind the ability to easily push the 2,800 foot long main span. It was not uncommon for the center of Girtie to be deflected as much as several feet to the side, in addition to the wave-like motion that she was well known for. However, neither of these problems created any structural risk, as the bridge and its roadbed had been designed with some flexibility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> On November 7th, 1940, amidst a 42 mile-per-hour wind, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge’s movement changed drastically. Instead of the well-known undulating motion, the roadbed of the bridge started twisting, with the opposite ends of the center span twisting out of sync with each other. This put the structure at risk, as the connection of the girders and roadbed had not been designed to withstand this sort of motion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A famous film, taken by the owner of a photography shop near the Tacoma end of the bridge provides ample documentation of the bridge’s torsional twisting and ultimate self-destruction. The first failures the film shows are not the roadbed or supporting girders, but rather the suspender cables. These are the vertical cables running from the main cable across the top of the towers, down to the roadbed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> To understand the importance of these cables, one must understand the theory behind how a suspension bridge works. The roadbed is not intended to be self-supporting, merely to have enough stiffness to prevent winds and the load passing across it to cause excessive movement. The entire weight of the bridge is supported by the towers, which are firmly anchored in concrete piers. Two main cables are draped over the towers, and are attached to massive, heavy anchorages on both shores. From these main cables, suspender cables drop down to attach to the roadbed and support it. All these cables transfer the weight of the bridge roadbed and load to the towers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> What happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge is that as the wind torsionally twisted the bridge as much as 45 degrees, the weight of the bridge needed up being supported by the suspender cables on only one side. That proved to be too much for the cables, which snapped. The resulting transfer of weight to adjacent cables overloaded them, snapping additional cables in a domino effect. Without the cable system to support the roadbed, joints in the roadbed failed, causing it to collapse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> All of this started because of the natural resonance which is in any object. As the bridge was being designed, this resonance was not properly accounted for. When the wind hit 42 miles per hour, it caused the motion which ultimately led to failure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> One long-term result of the lessons which were learned from the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster is that modern structural engineers now use computer simulations of wind flow programs to better understand and design for the natural resonance of bridges, buildings and other structures. This helps reduce greatly the possibility of another disaster like this in the future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: </span><a href="http://www.civilengineeringcareers.org/civil-engineering-disasters-the-tacoma-narrows-bridge-collapse" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.civilengineeringcareers.org</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> While the spectacular demise of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge can be considered the largest civil engineering disaster in terms of physical size, it doesn’t hold a candle to the cost in human lives of the collapse of the Walkway in the Hyatt Regency. The total lives lost through that disaster were 114, with over 200 more hospitalized due to injuries. This collapse wasn’t an error in the design or calculations to back up that design, but rather in the execution of the design by the fabrication company who built the walkway and lack of project management by the civil engineers on the project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As originally designed, there were three walkways, spanning the atrium and connecting the two halves of the second, third and fourth floors. The walkways for the second and fourth floors were stacked one over the other, while the one for the third floor was offset to one side. These walkways were suspended from the ceiling on metal rods, which attached to box beams that crossed underneath the walkways.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In the original engineering drawings, the same threaded rod ran from the ceiling, down through the fourth floor walkway and continues down to the second floor walkway. Large nuts, backed by washers were to connect the threaded rods to the box beams. The box beams themselves were two steel “C” channels, which were welded together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Due to the difficulty of manufacturing a threaded rod that long, and the risk of it becoming damaged in shipment and installation, the steel fabricator who was building the walkway decided to change the design, using two rods in each location, rather than one. The first rod would run from the ceiling down through the upper walkway and attach there. The second rod would run from the upper walkway, down to the lower one, hanging it from the upper walkway’s beams.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> On the surface, this seems like an acceptable solution to the problem, making the design easier to fabricate and install. Since the same size steel rods were being installed for both the upper and lower sections, it would seem that the rods should be able to carry the weight. However, this did not take into account the amount of weight placed upon the nuts on the bottom side of the upper walkway’s beams.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In the original design, those nuts only had to support the weight of the upper walkway. None of the weight of the lower walkway would be transferred to those nuts, but rather directly to the hanger rod by the nuts on the bottom of the lower walkway’s beams. Although there was an error in the calculations, the nuts on the upper walkway could marginally accomplish their task if you eliminated any safety factor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In the modified design, those critical nuts no longer had to carry the load for only the upper walkway, but the entire weight of the lower walkway as well. That added weight meant that the nuts could only carry 40 percent of the dead load. Add the weight of the people jumping and swaying as they watched the dance contest in the lobby, and the nuts didn’t stand a chance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> To envision the effect of this, think of a rope handing from a tree, with two people handing from that rope. Each person is holding onto the rope, supporting their own weight. However, if the lower person grabs hold of the upper person’s leg and releases the rope, the upper person now has to support the weight of the two of them. The possibility of that person’s arms failing and the two falling is greatly increased.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In addition to the overload, the holes for the box beams had been drilled through the welds holding the two “C” channels together, the weakest point in the box beam. When the wreckage was examined, it was found that the pressure on the nuts not only caused the nuts to fail, but the holes in the box beams to deform, allowing the nut to pass through.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Forensic engineering discovered that this failure was actually a series of four failures on the part of the engineering team. The first failure, which may have been survivable, was the miscalculation of the weight of the walkways, and the ability of the nuts to support them. The second failure was a failure of communications between the engineering firm and the fabricator who made the design. Thirdly, nobody ever calculated the difference in loads and stresses made by the design change. Finally, the engineering team never checked the final work by the fabricators, to ensure that they had followed the design in all details.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The civil engineer’s responsibility doesn’t end when the drawings are completed. Engineering involvement throughout the construction process is essential to avoid similar disasters. Contractors often make design changes, whether it is the replacement of welds with bolts or changing the materials used. These changes are made by non-engineering professionals, based upon their experience, but without the benefit of knowing how to calculate the effects of their change. In some cases, those changes can cause disaster.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Had the civil engineers who had responsibility for this design completed their responsibilities, this disaster could easily have been avoided.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: </span><a href="http://www.civilengineeringcareers.org/civil-engineering-disasters-the-hyatt-regency-walkway-collapse" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">civilengineeringcareers.org</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Injaka Bridge Collapse (South Africa)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Incorrect positioning of temporary bearings during incremental launching have been identified as the primary cause of the fatal 1998 Injaka Bridge collapse in South Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> But the official investigation report into the collapse, which killed 14 people and injured 19, concludes that bearing problems were made worse by a catalogue of design, monitoring, construction and organisational errors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Inexperienced design and construction staff, poor construction quality control and a failure to react to a 'clear warning that all was not well' with the structure, led to the disaster.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The conclusions are contained in a report to South Africa's director of public prosecution by presiding inspector Larry Kloppenborg and made public last month.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The report recommends that criminal charges under the Occupational Health & Safety Act be brought against the bosses of designer VKE Consulting Engineers' Pretoria office, contractor Concor Holdings and client the Department of Water Affairs & Forestry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Kloppenborg also recommends that similar criminal charges be brought against Johan Bisschoff, who directly supervised VKE's permanent design and against Rolf Heese of Concor who was in charge of the temporary works design.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The report recommends that any charges brought should also consider the fact that 'the extent of the catastrophic failure of the bridge equally could have caused the deaths of any of the 19 injured persons.'</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The collapse of the bridge on 6 July 1998 was one of the worst construction accidents ever seen in South Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> At 300m long, 14m wide and up to 37m above the river bed, Injaka Bridge was a major structure and the consultant and contractor had extensive experience with such incrementally launched post-tensioned structures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The collapse occurred after the contractor had slid out five of the 20, 15m long sections of the 3m deep box section deck.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The sixth segment was being jacked as the structure collapsed. At that point the concrete deck extended 24.4m beyond pier 2 with the leading edge of the 27m long launching nose projecting 7.1m beyond pier 3.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Among those killed was Maria Gouws, the VKE engineer responsible for designing the structure. She was on the deck with several guests celebrating progress on the structure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The primary cause of the collapse was found to have been the positioning of temporary bearings on which the deck structure slid out during construction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> These were located inside the permanent bearing positions which were to be under the box section webs. As a result the temporary bearings punched through the structure and caused the collapse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Kloppenborg concludes that Gouws and Heese lacked sufficient experience to have been left in charge of the permanent and temporary work for such a complex, incrementally launched structure. Gouws had only around two years' bridge design experience.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The report highlights the lack of calculation checks carried out on the permanent and temporary works designs, as well as lack of construction and production monitoring. It criticises the designer and contractor for allowing inexperienced staff to have such operational freedom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: </span><a href="http://www.nce.co.uk/inexperience-and-errors-led-to-fatal-injaka-bridge-collapse/803369.article" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.nce</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Photos by: <a href="http://www.klasslooch.com/injaka_bridge_collapse.htm">klasslooch.com</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Koror–Babeldaob Bridge Collapse</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The original Koror–Babeldaob Bridge was a balanced cantilever prestressed concrete box girder bridge with a main span of 240.8 m and total length of 385.6 m (1265 ft). It was designed by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG and Alfred A. Yee and Associates. It was constructed by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG, contractor was Palau based Korean company, Socio Construction Co. It was the world's largest bridge of its type, until its record was broken by the 260 m span of the Gateway Bridge in Brisbane, Australia, finished in 1985.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> This led to two studies carried out by Louis Berger International and the Japan international Co-operation Agency. They concluded that the bridge was "safe" and the large deflections were due to creep and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete in place being lower than anticipated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> On September 26, 1996, the bridge suddenly collapsed and shut off fresh water and electricity between the islands. In addition, the collapse killed two people and injured four more. This caused the government to declare a state of emergency. By request of Kuniwo Nakamura, then the country's Presidentand foreign minister, Japan provided emergency aid as well as a temporary bridge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The 18-year old, Koror-Babeldaob bridge (KB bridge) collapsed abruptly and catastrophically. The failure occurred during benign weather and loading conditions, less than three years after two independent teams (Louis Berger International and the Japan international Co-operation Agency) of bridge engineers had evaluated the bridge and declared it safe, and less than three months after completion of a strengthening programme to correct a significant midspan sag that was continuing to worsen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> By 1990, a physical phenomenon called creep had caused the midline of the bridge to sag 1.2 meters, causing discomfort to drivers and concern for officials. The Palau government commissioned two studies by Louis Berger International and Japan International Co-operation Agency. They both concluded that the bridge was structurally safe though 1m more of creep would occur in the future. Based on the studies, the Palau government decided to counteract the cosmetic damage caused by creep with resurfacing and reinforcement of the bridge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> According to British civil engineers Chris Burgoyne and Richard Scantlebury, the reinforcement operation had 4 main components.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The bridge midspan was modified, changing the originally non-weight-bearing hinged joint to a continuous block of concrete.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eight prestress cables were added to straighten the span.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eight flat-jacks were added to the center of the structure to add additional prestress, loading the center of the bridge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The bridge was resurfaced to smooth out the sagging road.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The most probable progression of the collapse began with a weakening of the Babeldaob side. This caused a shear failure, resulting in all of the weight of the continuous main span coming to rest on the Koror side. This unbalanced moment caused the backspan of the Koror side to fail and tipped the bridge into the channel. The new design of the bridge hastened the bridge's collapse, but did not actually cause the fatal weakening of the Babeldoab flange. The ultimate cause of collapse remains unknown.[9] The repair and resurfacing operation may have contributed to the bridge failure, but since the lawsuit over the collapse was settled out of court, no final cause has ever been definitively published.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koror%E2%80%93Babeldaob_Bridge">wikipedia.org</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">photos by: <a href="http://www.opacengineers.com/projects/Koror">opacengineers.com</a></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-70260366420018347032013-09-08T16:08:00.000+08:002013-11-08T14:24:13.806+08:00Civil Engineer: Success Stories<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">Engineering legacy: Civil engineering’s first black graduate</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Clarence Mabin, a 1961 graduate of <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-civil-engineering-projects" target="_blank">civil engineering</a> from the University of Missouri, recently semi-retired from his position as president of Custom Engineering, Inc., a mechanical and electrical engineering firm with annual revenue of $1.5 to $2 million. After a rewarding career, the octogenarian is enjoying leisure time with his family. He said he is especially getting a kick out of his two small great-grandchildren who love to play basketball.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Mabin’s happy end-of-career story is not unlike that of many successful MU engineering alumni, but as an early African-American student in engineering and the first black graduate in civil engineering, the story of his path to success isn’t quite as typical.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> “If the railroad passenger business would have held up, I probably never would have gone to school,” Mabin said. “Like my father, I was a dining car waiter and I didn’t have much of a desire to do anything else. Back then, working as a waiter on the railroad or a job at the Post Office were about the best two best jobs an African-American man could get.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> After graduating from high school in 1949, Mabin worked for the Burlington Railroad as a waiter in a private dining car. The railroad’s chief engineer noticed the young man’s keen interest in building plans that three bridge inspectors were examining in the dining car and asked him if he’d ever considered training to become an engineer.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Mabin had never dreamed of anything like an <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/technical-engineering-consultant-careers" target="_blank">engineering career</a>, but the casual remark sparked his curiosity, and two things happened to push him toward engineering. First, schools were integrated in 1954. Then, one of Mabin’s friends who worked as a construction engineer at Lincoln University told Mabin he could get him a job as a draftsman with the Nebraska Department of Transportation (NDOT) if he went to junior college.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Mabin enrolled in Missouri Western State College — now MWSU — in St. Joseph, Mo., where he did very well. When he went to work for NDOT, his boss asked him why he didn’t just go ahead and get an engineering degree.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> “I had a lot of ambition,” said Mabin, adding that he initially made plans to attend the University of Nebraska. But when he went to his meeting with the college’s dean, he had second thoughts.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> “He offered me no encouragement, and when he found that I’d have to work, he said I’d never make it,” Mabin said.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> So in 1958, the ambitious young man enrolled in civil engineering at the University of Missouri.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> By then, Mabin and his wife, Forestine, had three children. Forestine was operating a successful beauty salon in St. Joseph, so she stayed behind. Mabin had no car, but tried to get a ride back at least a couple times a month.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> “My high school homeroom teacher from Dalton High School [a black high school that served students from a wide area] had been a teacher in Columbia early in her career,” said Mabin. “All of our teachers had a great concern about us, and she knew a fellow who lived there. She wrote to him about my [financial] difficulties and he invited me to stay with him. That man, Dorsey Russell, was like a father to me.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Mabin remembers three MU Engineering faculty members who went out of their way to help him: Karl Evans, William Sangster and Mark Harris.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> “Dr. Harris caught me on my way out of class one day and told me that if I had any difficulties to come and see him and he’d help me out,” Mabin said. “But I didn’t experience any difficulties. It was a pleasant experience. My main goal was to get to class and get it done.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As a student, he worked at the Tiger Hotel and also for an architect in Columbia. He spent summers in a variety of jobs in St. Joe — including work as a waiter — and worked one summer with MoDOT.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> When Mabin graduated in 1961, he took a job as a member of of NDOT’s bridge design team. He went on to work for the O.K. Electric Co., Inc., and eventually moved into the steel tubular products business for Valmont Industries — a company that designed highway lighting, traffic, signing and transmission structure — and then Ameron Pole Products.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Along the way, Mabin became a nationally-recognized expert in the design of pole structures for street, outdoor lighting, traffic lights and highway signage. Even in retirement, he serves as a consultant, reviewing plans for design companies who need an engineering stamp of approval on their plans.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In 1993, Mabin purchased Custom Engineering and turned the faltering company into an award-winning, minority-owned success story.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Mabin said his life experiences have motivated him to point more blacks toward the field of engineering, just as others influenced him.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> “It wasn’t always easy,” he said, “but it’s been a good ride.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://engineering.missouri.edu/2013/05/engineering-legacy-civil-engineerings-first-black-graduate/">engineering-legacy</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From Manchester to Vancouver: a Consulting Engineer Rises to the Top</span></div>
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<em><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Career Story by Chris Newcomb, P.Eng.</span></em></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Let me start by saying that when I was an engineering student, never in my wildest dreams could I have imagined how much fun I would have as a consulting engineer, the places it's taken me, the people I've met, and the things I've been able to accomplish that I'm so proud of.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> Today I'm President of McElhanney Consulting Services, a consulting engine</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ering firm of about 400 people based in Vancouver. I'm also a Past-Chair of the Association of Consulting Engineering Companies (ACEC).</span></span><br />
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<i style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> "Never in my wildest dreams could I have imagined how much fun I would have as a consulting engineer, the places it's taken me, the people I've met, and the things I've been able to accomplish that I'm so proud of."</i><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> I studied civil engineering at the University of Manchester, in England. My first taste of consulting engineering was as a summer student in 1968, when I worked as an inspector on a highway construction project in the south of France. I had the good fortune that my mother was French, and she'd made a few phone calls to get me the job. So my first advice for you is don't knock the job your Mom gets for you – it might be the best job you ever get. Fourty years later, I still go back to look at that highway when I visit France, and I'm proud of what I did, even though I played such a small part in it.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> On that job I learned that you can make a difference. It was the first commercial project in the world to use reinforced-earth retaining structures, invented by a Frenchman, Henri Vidal. I used my student text book to do some slope stability analysis, and suggested that, at a particular location, instead of a single 10 metre high wall we build two 5 metre high walls with a terrace in between and my idea was accepted.So my second piece of advice to you is: don't be afraid to question the status quo, and to suggest changes. Even if your ideas are off the mark, people will notice that you have a questioning and creative attitude.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> I also learned on that project in France that as a consulting engineer, your skills are transferable to different countries. So as soon as I graduated I headed over to Canada, where I spent the summer exploring North America, then found a job with a consulting engineering firm in Vancouver, met the woman who became my lifelong partner, and I've been based in Vancouver ever since.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i style="background-color: white;"> "Don't be afraid to question the status quo, and to suggest changes. Even if your ideas are off the mark, people will notice that you have a questioning and creative attitude."</i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> I was the bottom person on the totem pole, and in those days, before computers, before even electronic calculators, I had to do a lot of the menial tasks. But I found that no matter how menial the work, there was always a way to improve on how it was done, by creating a template or a short-cut or a graph. My third piece of advice: no matter how menial the task, find the better way to do it. Remember, the Greek root word for engineer is the same as for ingenuity, and engineers are by nature ingenious.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">My first job was with Associated Engineering, a western Canadian civil engineering consulting firm. I spent 5 years there and got a great all round introduction to consulting, learning how to design sewers, water mains, roads, earthworks and drainage. I went out on construction sites all over British Columbia, and learned how to do construction survey layout and inspection, and solve construction problems. Through this I learned another lesson: if you want to be a great designer, you need to understand how things get laid out and built, which means spending time on the construction sites.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In 1973, I bought my first electronic calculator. It cost $110, which was about a week's pay after tax. I thought I was in heaven. Just imagine, in the space of my career we've gone from doing calculations with slide rules and logarithmic tables, to using powerful laptop computers and Blackberries. It boggles my mind to imagine what tools you'll all be using by the end of your careers!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i style="background-color: white;"> "Living and working in a different culture is an amazing experience, and it stays with you forever."</i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In my job at Associated Engineering I met a variety of interesting people – other consulting engineers, architects, clients, construction contractors, and materials suppliers, and my social life grew up around these people. I learned to design large diameter water mains, and one of the manufacturers for this kind of pipe in those days was Canron. I became friendly with the people at Canron, so when they won a project to build a 60 km, 1200 mm diameter pipeline in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, I volunteered to go. They needed an engineer with a variety of design expertise, and my experience as a consulting engineer was a perfect fit. I spent the next 3 years in East Africa, and the next 2 years after that on a similar project in Ecuador, South America.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Living and working in a different culture is an amazing experience, and it stays with you forever. During my work abroad, I learned to speak Spanish and some Swahili and I learned a lot about different cultures. I also became more self-sufficient as an engineer, because there was no one else to turn to for advice, and these were the days before internet, and even telephones were almost non-existent. And I spent my spare time visiting the game parks of East Africa, exploring the Inca ruins of the Andean Mountains, and sailing and snorkeling in tropical waters in both places. Another piece of advice:, when opportunities come along, take them. You'll have to make certain sacrifices but the rewards are immeasurable, and you'll come back with experiences that will set you apart from your peers.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Following my work abroad, in 1981, I returned to Vancouver, and since then I've worked for McElhanney Consulting Services. I started as a Project Manager, moved on to Branch Manager, then Vice President, and eventually in 1997 I became President.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As a Project Manager I became involved in large land development projects. These are exciting, not because the engineering is particularly challenging, but because the land developer is investing tens of millions of dollars, and the consulting engineer is an important part of the team that helps that investment to yield a return for the client.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> After a few years working in land development, British Columbia entered a highway construction boom, and my company became one of the leading highway design firms, so I had the good fortune to become involved in benchmark projects such as the Coquihalla Highway, the Vancouver Island Highway, the Annacis Highway, the Trans Canada Highway High Occupancy Vehicle project, and the Sea to Sky Highway connecting Vancouver to Whistler for the 2010 Winter Olympics.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As I took on increasing levels of responsibility at McElhanney I gradually became aware of serious shortcomings in my skill set. Consulting Engineering, like most other careers, is mostly about dealing with people, so I started learning to develop my people skills such as courses on human behaviour in organizations, public speaking, project management and leadership. The following are some suggestions for developing your soft-skills, which will ultimately lead you to becoming a successful Consulting Engineer:</span></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Read "Winning Friends and Influencing People"</strong> by Dale Carnegie if you read nothing else in your entire life. When he wrote the book seventy-five years ago he said "I wrote the book because I noticed that 15 percent of an engineer's success in business is the result of his or her technical capability, and 85 percent is due to his or her ability in dealing with people." That statement is just as accurate today as it was then. This book reminded me to take an interest in other people, treat them with respect, try to see things from their point of view, and dozens of other valuable pieces of advice.</span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Join Toastmasters.</strong> It's scary the first few times you go, but you get over it, and there's no better way to learn how to run meetings, think on your feet, and speak confidently to groups of people.</span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Attend PSMJ Bootcamps.</strong> PSMJ teaches project management, business development and corporate management. They specialize in consulting engineering firms and their 2-day workshops are attended heavily by those in consulting engineering. Many firms consider PSMJ Bootcamps as professional development, so ask your employer about these opportunities for your own development.</span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Learn to write well.</strong> You can be the smartest engineer on the planet, but if you can't express your ideas eloquently and powerfully in an email, a letter or a report, then much of your talent will go to waste.</span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Learn to network.</strong> Now networking does not mean going to conferences and hanging out with your buddies. Networking means going up to someone that you've never met before, that is standing alone, and asking them about themselves. You'll be amazed at what you learn and who you meet. Look for commonality between what you do and what they do. Even if you only succeed in linking them up with someone else for an idea or a project, you've earned yourself a favor that might get returned someday.</span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Become involved in associations and attend conferences.</span></strong></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The biggest regret in my career is that I waited until I was in my 40's before I started doing any of these things. Twenty years ago I wouldn't have stood up in front of an audience to make a presentation, not even to save my own life. So these things can be learned, and the sooner you learn them the more fulfilling your career will be.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As I took on increasing responsibility at McElhanney, I became less involved in the day to day management of projects. This gave me the opportunity to turn my attention back to the international scene. I played an important role in establishing McElhanney's international office in Jakarta, Indonesia, and I still travel there twice a year to provide management overview to our office.</span></div>
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<i style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> "Why do I look forward to going to work each day? Same reason I turn the page in a good book. I want to know what happens next."</i></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> I also can't resist taking on a project over there from time to time. When the tsunami of December, 2004, killed over 150,000 people in Aceh, Indonesia, I was part of our company's team that went to work for the Canadian Red Cross to map, survey, plan and design some 25 villages that had literally been wiped off the face of the earth. When East Timor achieved independence from Indonesia in 2002, I was part of our team that went in to help rebuild their infrastructure that had been destroyed by civil war. Since year 2000, I've been part of our company's team that's been developing a system to create property titles and establish property ownership in rural areas of Cambodia that were contaminated by land mines and had suffered decades of warfare and population dislocation.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Over the past 15 years I've also become very involved as a volunteer in association business. I started as a member of various committees at the Consulting Engineers of British Columbia (CEBC), which is the provincial counterpart of ACEC. I went on to join the Board, and eventually became President of the provincial association for a 1 year term. After that I was invited to join the Board of the national association, and eventually became its Chair.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Why do I look forward to going to work each day? Same reason I turn the page in a good book. I want to know what happens next. I've no idea what's coming next for me, except that in the consulting business I know it's going to be surprising, fascinating and challenging.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://www.engineeringlegacies.com/WhatIs_Stories.php" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">engineeringlegacies.com</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Success Story: Arnel Baquero<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5428730600602284745" name="arnel" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></a></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Arnel Baquero is a Civil Engineer from the Philippines. He arrived in BC in September 2007. Arnel has a Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering, 12 years experience as a Civil Engineer and 10 years as a Civil Structural Technician. He worked in his profession in several countries including the Philippines, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Arnel was introduced to Klein and Associations by his advisor at Vancouver Central College. At the time he met with a counsellor on December 11th, 2007 he was employed part time on a contractual basis with a company in the United Kingdom. Arnel's positive attitude, warm-heartedness, knowledge and work ethic made him an ideal candidate for ASPECT's IMMPowerBC Skills Connect Program. With some general upgrading of his technical skills and knowledge of BC standards, practices and workplace culture, the counsellor was confident that Arnel would soon be highly employable.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Together, Arnel and his counsellor drafted several revisions to his resume and cover letter until it was perfected in both their eyes. His counsellor also advised Arnel on how to develop a leads list, a portfolio, references, and how to make cold calls, leave English answering machine messages, as well as the follow up procedure.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Arnel's biggest challenge was the interview practice which he jokingly referred to as "like a course". Arnel and his counsellor shared many humorous moments from his crushing handshake to Arnel's belief that one must wear the color light blue to a Canadian job interview. Arnel's challenge was to overcome his hesitancy with using the English language so as to elaborate on his brief answers and be able to truly express his educational and vast employment experience. During the interview practice sessions, Arnel followed the counsellor's suggestions with patience and much effort and quickly developed a sense of a Canadian style job interview.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The Skills Connect Program also provided funding for him to complete an 8 week Certificate Program in Advanced AutoCAD, BC Building Code and Surveying which Arnel finished on March 18th, 2009.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> "The Skills Connect Program is a very useful tool for immigrants who find it difficult to join the profession that they are accustomed to from their country of origin" Arnel says. "The upgrading is very helpful and the rigorous interview training are very effective, from the first handshake, the way and the timing you answer interview questions and up to the closing period of the interview proper - it's very amazing."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Arnel's successful result was achieved on May 15th, 2008 when he was employed as a Structural Drafter by AEROTEK at a starting salary of $40,000 per year. The day before the interview, Arnel emailed the news of his upcoming interview writing that he "would surely use the interview techniques that we had practised".</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The next day, Arnel informed his counsellor that he had been offered the job and expressed his thanks for all the interview training. Moreover, a recent email from Arnel happily reported that he had received very positive feedback on his job performance from his senior Engineer. Arnel was confident that this would continue to help him develop a stable career in Canada in his chosen field.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Arnel has consistently expressed his sincere appreciation for the assistance from the Skills Connect Program. On June 14th, 2008 following the recommendation from his counsellor, he attended the seminar for Internationally Trained Engineers. After the seminar, Arnel expressed his delight not only with the valuable information that he received there but for the pleasure of being in the company of others like himself.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Arnel's final employment destination is to regain his position as a Civil Engineer here in Canada: based on his current employment status as a Structural Drafter as well as his increasing knowledge of the Canadian workplace culture, Arnel has the confidence that he will need to achieve his greatest employment goal</span><span style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://www.aspect.bc.ca/public-relations/success-stories" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.aspect</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Have You Ever Wanted to Build the World’s Tallest Building?</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> How about the longest bridge? What if you could be the person who figured out how to span the continent with an interconnected transit system, which allowed people to travel from New York to Los Angeles without a single stop light? The world of Civil Engineering is a world of creating things that others say can’t be created, making the structures that define our modern world.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Other than military engineering, <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-civil-engineering-projects" target="_blank">civil engineering</a> is the oldest engineering discipline in the world, with a history that goes back over 4,000 years. The royal engineers of Pharaoh’s court devised the pyramids of Egypt as a final resting place for their king. Since then, civil engineers have created structures which have marveled the world; everything from the Great Wall of China, to the Colosseum in Italy, to the Taj Majal in India to the pyramid of Chichen Itza, Mexico. In fact, all seven of the Wonders of the World were designed and created by civil engineers.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Today’s civil engineers face the challenge of creating structures which at times seen to defy gravity, defy engineering science and even defy logic. Yet, these amazing structures are firmly based in scientific principle; seeming to bend scientific laws to meet the needs of the architect.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> While an architect may come up with a design concept, it is the structural engineer who makes it possible. Take the Bird’s Nest for example; the stadium built in Beijing, China for the 2008 Olympic Games. This incredible building seems to be a structural impossibility, with girders running all around it, forming a design which looks very much like its name. Yet, these curved beams support the entire stadium, providing seating for 100,000 fans to watch the athletes perform in this 258,000 square meter facility.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Civil engineering doesn’t end with creating elaborate buildings, though. It can be broken down into a number of other disciplines, which deal with transportation, urban design, water resources, earthquakes, the environment and coastal areas. These specialties and more cover every area of the environment in which we work and live.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Occupational Outlook for Civil Engineers</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment opportunities for civil engineers is on the upswing, with an expected increase of 24% in the ten year period of 2008 to 2018. As of 2010, the average pay for civil engineers was $82,280. If you are looking for a well paying career with a secure future, there are few fields that offer as much potential as civil engineering.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As mankind strives to build bigger buildings, utilizing living and working space better, civil engineers will face new challenges in making structures which are stronger, more resistant to natural disaster and have greater capacities. This is a growing field, where the challenges are increasing as mankind stretches the envelope of our existing materials science.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Becoming a Civil Engineer</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-civil-engineering-projects" target="_blank">Civil engineering</a> students like all other types of engineering students, study math and science extensively. The vast majority of what civil engineers do is a combination of materials science and physics. A civil engineering student studies to receive their Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of Science degree.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Once civil engineers enter the workplace, they don’t stop their engineering studies. Most go on to become certified as Professional Engineers (PE), which requires experience and testing. A civil engineer without this certification is limited in their authority. The PE license allows them the authority to sign off on all projects within their professional specialty.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> There are a number of technical specialties within the realm of Civil Engineering, these include:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Structural engineering</b> – creating the structural elements of design, whether for bridges, or skyscrapers. Probably the oldest single specialty in civil engineering, going all the way back to Pharaoh’s pyramids.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Geotechnical engineering</b> – concerned with the rock and soil which supports the structures that other civil engineers design.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Environmental engineering</b> – designing systems for the treatment of chemical, biological and thermal wastes.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Materials engineering</b> – these are the experts on the various materials which other civil engineers use for their projects.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water resource engineering</b> – concerned with the collection and management of water. Some of the earliest known civil engineers were the Roman engineers who created the aqueducts.</span></div>
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<b>Earthquake engineering</b> – a specialty dealing with creating buildings and other structures which can withstand the stresses of earthquakes without falling.</div>
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<b>Coastal engineering</b> – managing the coastal areas of our country, including marshlands. Coastal engineers create defenses against flooding and erosion.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Engineering knowledge has increased through the years to where each of these specialties needs its own training. Although all of these are considered part of civil engineering, each of these specialties is its own vast area of knowledge, requiring dedicated, talented individuals who want to learn and grow.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Being a civil engineering is satisfying, yet challenging work. It requires mixing creativity and science; something that not everyone can do. Yet, for those who can, it provides incredible satisfaction, as they see the results of their labors.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://www.civilengineeringcareers.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">civilengineeringcareers.org</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You may also want to read about : </span><a href="http://www.engineering-and-technology.blogspot.com/2013/08/average-salaries-of-civil-engineers-in.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Average Salaries of Civil Engineers</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-68233109338778459912013-09-08T16:06:00.000+08:002013-09-18T15:15:12.745+08:00How to become a Civil Engineer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">Steps on How to Become a Civil Engineer</b></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">STEP 1:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Understand what a civil engineer does</b>. Basically, this is the side of engineering concerned with designing, building, and maintaining public works. <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-civil-engineering-projects" target="_blank">Civil engineers</a> focus on structures and facilities such as transportation routes, features (tunnels, bridges, flyovers), and hubs (such as airports and bus interchanges), water treatment (sewage, dams, pipelines, etc.) government buildings (police and fire stations, major office buildings, etc.), and other structures required on a large public scale. In some countries, such as the United States, civil engineering also involves military engineering. Another way of looking at what a civil engineer does is to see it as a role of reducing complex ideas initiated by policymakers, chief executives, and other such people into concrete reality.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> It's a job that pays a reasonably high income due to the level of skills and expertise required, and the ongoing responsibilities to ensure safe, accurate, and enduring engineering outcomes.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.bright-heritage.com/professional-consultation-manpower-services-civil-engineering-projects" target="_blank">Civil engineers</a> can work in a variety of work environments, including in the public sector, as contractors, consultants, or even as part of a firm that undertakes work outsourced from municipalities and government. Civil engineers also work with architect firms and construction firms. Throughout the lifetime of a civil engineer career, you might vary your employment circumstances considerably to work around different needs and interests; the good thing is that your qualifications will allow you much flexibility.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Within civil engineering there are different roles open to you. For example, in the United Kingdom, you can become an engineering technician, an incorporated engineer, or a chartered engineer. Your personal interest in where to specialize will be something to consider as you pursue your studies and the different options offered through the course, so be sure to ask what's available in your country or region.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Assess your skills</b>. Civil engineering requires good mathematics, design, and science skills. In addition, having a "big picture" mentality, creativity, the ability to function as a member of a team, the ability to work without supervision and to handle high levels of responsibility, the ability to clearly and concisely communicate your ideas both verbally, and through the use of writing and images, are all important, well-rounded features to ensure a successful civil engineering career.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> If you're still at school, appropriate subjects to focus on most include mathematics, design and technology, information technology, and physics, with economics, geography, and geology also being of help.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> At school and during university, participate in engineering style competitions with teams, such as model bridge building competitions. These can increase your knowledge of how things work structurally and will give you a taste of how to work as a team.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Contact the universities offering civil engineering degrees that interest you to find out what their exact requirements are. The requirements are constantly updated to reflect new technologies and methodologies.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> If you have already left school and haven't taken the appropriate subjects during school, you may need to undertake bridging courses or aptitude tests to prove that you're able to undertake the subjects offered in a civil engineering degree.</span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">STEP 3:</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Choose a study program</b>. In general, in most countries civil engineering requires a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, which will usually take about four years. Depending on where you study, you may also need to take a formal certification course at the end of the degree, and in some countries, being licensed (licensure) is a prerequisite to being allowed to work or as or call yourself a "civil engineer".</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Choose a program that has courses in the specific areas you are interested in. These can include design, hydraulics, construction, earthquake engineering, soil mechanics, computer methods, construction management, structural mechanics, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Consider whether you want to take some courses outside your own country, to expand your knowledge of what is happening in civil engineering elsewhere, such as in a country that has very different geological concerns from your own. You might need to have proficiency in another language to be able to do this. Find out what's possible by talking with your university course guidance.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Ensure that you take courses outside of your intended field. It is possible you will find a different field that you prefer, so try to choose broadly to get a good feel for the different areas open to you within civil engineering.</span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">STEP 4:</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> Expect field trips to form a part of your degree</b><span style="text-align: left;">. Being given the opportunity to apply the theory to real-life examples will help you to grasp the principles faster and will probably increase your enthusiasm for your chosen career as well.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">STEP 5:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> Start thinking about how to specialize as your degree studies move on</b><span style="text-align: left;">. From the start, find out all you can about the different types of civil engineering options open to you so that you're alert to what might end up being of most interest to you. Specializations might include </span>coastal<span style="text-align: left;"> engineering, environmental issues, traffic and transportation, structural engineering, highway construction and maintenance, and so forth.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Get an internship</b><span style="text-align: left;">. While in school, if it at all possible, obtain an internship in the civil field that most interests you. Most engineering firms have some type of internship program. The experience you gain is invaluable not only to helping you establish and clarify your career goals, but also in gaining valuable experience for your resume which will make you a highly desirable entry level engineer. Construction experience (internship) in your field of interest may have as much, if not more, value for your future career as a civil engineer as good results in your degree.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">STEP 7:</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> If you're in the United States, you'll need to undertake some specific examinations</b><span style="text-align: left;">. They are as follows:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> During your study (preferably in your junior or senior year)</i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">: Register for and take the FE/EIT (engineering in training) exam. This exam is an important step in your professional development. It tests on basic knowledge of engineering principles. Additionally, it is typically a prerequisite for the PE Exam (see next).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> When you have graduated and started working</i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">: Ensure that you begin preparation for the PE exam. Regardless of what field of civil engineering you work in, becoming a PE will provide you more opportunities and greatly increase your chances of advancement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Similar external examination, external testing, or licensing is available in other countries. Ask your university or professional engineering association for details early on.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b class="whb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> Join the relevant professional organization that caters for civil engineers in your country</b><span style="text-align: left;">. Once you're working as a civil engineer, belonging to such an organization is the means for staying updated as to new developments, helps with your </span>networking <span style="text-align: left;">opportunities, and enables you to give back your knowledge to other engineers through seminars, etc., and through teaching in universities.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> In the United States, the relevant organization is the ASCE, or the American Society of Civil Engineers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">source: <a href="http://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Civil-Engineer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Become-a-Civil-Engineer</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: left;">You may also want to read about: <a href="http://www.engineering-and-technology.blogspot.com/2013/09/civil-engineer-success-stories.html" target="_blank">Civil Engineers Success Stories</a></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5428730600602284745.post-52601163185251985252013-09-06T15:14:00.000+08:002013-11-08T14:24:36.636+08:00Growing Concern About Internet Privacy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet Privacy: What Do They Know?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Last May 2013, Edward Snowden shocked the United States Government
when he leaked confidential data from NSA (National Security Agency) to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/uk" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Guardian.</a> </i>Some of the leaked data
were documents about programs such as the interception of U.S. and European
telephone metadata and the PRISM, XKeyscore, and Tempura Internet
surveillance programs. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United States federal prosecutors charged Snowden
with espionage and theft of government property on June 14, 2013, but
before the U.S. filed the case, Snowden already flew in Hong Kong wherein the
Hong Kong Government didn’t cooperate with the U.S. in arresting and handing
Snowden to them. From Hong Kong Snowden flew to Russia wherein he was stuck in
an airport there before given a temporary asylum by the Russian Government.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But
this article is not really about Edward Snowden and the NSA issue; it’s about Internet
privacy. What government and companies really know about our Internet
activities and personal information?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a_CAxjHtG8g/UimASMG-ttI/AAAAAAAAAMY/o9BYAo3HMLc/s1600/internet-privacy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Internet Privacy" border="0" height="302" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a_CAxjHtG8g/UimASMG-ttI/AAAAAAAAAMY/o9BYAo3HMLc/s400/internet-privacy.jpg" title="Internet Privacy" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="http://www.hideyourselfonline.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/internet-privacy.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hideyourselfonline</a></td></tr>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On July, there was a report that
came out from Twitter about <a href="http://phys.org/news/2013-07-demands-twitter-user.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">the increasing request of several Governments tohand them personal information</a> of the site’s users. Governments submitted a
total of 1, 157 requests led by United States, which accounts for 78% of the
total request. Japan was the second one with 8% of the entire request. Twitter
said they grant the 67% request of the U.S. Twitter also said the requests
typically were made in connection with criminal investigations and
lamented that it was barred by law from revealing anything about information
demanded through US national security letters. Some information includes real
names, address, usage activities and more. Maybe others are wondering and
asking what’s the importance of this on non-US citizens or those who do not
break any law? It’s simple, companies like Twitter, Google, Facebook, and
Microsoft tracks and save our Internet activities in their own databases. They
can use this to present you relevant advertisements based on your activities.
For example you searched “running shoes” in Google search, then Google will
tailor specific advertisements regarding running shoes. These data are also
being shared to other companies, like for example Facebook, so that they can
show you advertisement based on your Internet history.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And again some might wonder and ask
what’s wrong with that? Just imagine this, some Internet companies will know
where your exact location on earth, they will know when you visit a
pornographic site; they will know your personal information (e.g. emails, name,
telephone number, mobile number, home address). It’s like you are being stalked
silently by some stranger and your never realized it. That’s not all the issue
about Internet privacy. Another example, let’s say you sign up on a certain website,
you provide your email and personal information. Then the company who owned the
site can sell your information to other companies. Another, you sign up to a
site that requires your credit card number. Then after few months or years, the
site was hacked! And the hackers can already cracked and decrypt your
information, including your credit card number. That in turn, they can use to
steal money from your bank account.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But there are certain ways you can
stop Google, Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo, etc. from tracking your Internet
activities. One way is to use <a href="http://browsers.about.com/od/faq/tp/Incognito-Browsing.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">incognito mode</a> on your browser, but personally I
think this would not really help. Other more effective way is to use Internet
Proxy. There are <a href="http://www.hidemyass.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">free proxies</a> being offered in the net. Another way and my favorite
one is the <a href="https://www.torproject.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tor browser</a>. Tor will conceal your identity and you can also explore
the Deep Web through it. Using some of these ways will help to decrease the
exposure of your activities. But what is better is to use these ways and at the
same time not providing your real identity to websites as much as possible. For
instance if your name is Juan dela Cruz, and you want to sign up to a social
networking site, instead of proving your full real name, just provide J. Cruz
or anything related that is not your full real name.</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There’s a growing concern regarding Internet Privacy and how much
companies and Government should know about us. We can’t really stop them, so we
can just use some precautions when using the Internet. Happy browsing!</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You might also want to read <a href="http://engineering-and-technology.blogspot.com/2013/08/types-of-cybercrimes.html" target="_blank">Types of Cybercrime.</a></span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03393541198716060439noreply@blogger.com1